The treatment of syntax by some early 19th-century linguists

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Graffi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Common Core ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The One

Summary This article examines the views about syntax held by Humboldt, on the one hand, and by the founders of historical-comparative grammar (Bopp, Rask, Grimm, Pott, Schleicher), on the other. In general, it is noted that the grammaire générale tradition of 17th and 18th centuries still survives in the work of such scholars, despite of all criticism they seemingly raised against it. For Humboldt, the common core of all languages has its source in the identity of human thought; also his treatment of the verb and especially his reference to a ‘natural’ word order (i.e., SVO) are clearly reminiscent of this tradition. Traces thereof are also found in Bopp’s analysis of Indo-European conjugation, and in some of Rask’s writings. For instance, Rask, just as Humboldt, assumes a ‘natural’ word order and proposes a list of possible syntactic forms which closely remind us of Girard’s membres de phrase. Grimm’s position appears as more innovative, heavily influenced by a Romantic view of language, but some older conceptions sometimes show up in his work, e.g., when he deals with the notion of ‘subject’. Pott does not completely reject general grammar and a logically-based view of language; he only stresses the need of a more empirical approach than that adopted by the 17th and 18th century linguists. This picture radically changed with Steinthai and Schleicher: the former scholar pronounced a ‘divorce’ between grammar and logic, while the latter one argued that syntax does not belong to linguistics proper and rejected any possibility of postulating syntactic distinctions which do not have any direct morphological correlate.

„Staunest Fremdling / Diese Stein an?“ Das Außen des Innen in Tourismus und Idylle

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Jan Gerstner
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Tourist Gaze ◽  
Structural Analogy ◽  
The One

Abstract This article examines the structural analogy between the literary idyll and tourism that lies in the specific difference between idyllic and touristic spaces on the one hand and those of a modern, functionally differentiated, and rational everyday life on the other. The peak in the production of literary idylls as well as the onset of tourism in the late 18th and early 19th century can thus be conceptualized as a reaction to experiences of alienation due to emerging processes of modernization. An analysis of Goethe’s Der Wandrer shows however how literary idylls not only helped to shape the tourist gaze, but also reflected on the touristic and idyllic experience as an experience between foreignness, alienation and belonging.

Brazilian Colonial Art and the Decolonization of Art History

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Berbara
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Colonial Art ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

There are at least two ways to think about the term “Brazilian colonial art.” It can refer, in general, to the art produced in the region presently known as Brazil between 1500, when navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claimed the coastal territory for the Lusitanian crown, and the country’s independence in the early 19th century. It can also refer, more specifically, to the artistic manifestations produced in certain Brazilian regions—most notably Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro—over the 18th century and first decades of the 19th century. In other words, while denotatively it corresponds to the art produced in the period during which Brazil was a colony, it can also work as a metonym valid to indicate particular temporal and geographical arcs within this period. The reasons for its widespread metonymical use are related, on the one hand, to the survival of a relatively large number of art objects and buildings produced in these arcs, but also to a judicative value: at least since the 1920s, artists, historians, and cultivated Brazilians have tended to regard Brazilian colonial art—in its more specific meaning—as the greatest cultural product of those centuries. In this sense, Brazilian colonial art is often identified with the Baroque—to the extent that the terms “Brazilian Baroque,” “Brazilian colonial art,” and even “barroco mineiro” (i.e., Baroque produced in the province of Minas Gerais) may be used interchangeably by some scholars and, even more so, the general public. The study of Brazilian colonial art is currently intermingled with the question of what should be understood as Brazil in the early modern period. Just like some 20th- and 21st-century scholars have been questioning, for example, the term “Italian Renaissance”—given the fact that Italy, as a political entity, did not exist until the 19th century—so have researchers problematized the concept of a unified term to designate the whole artistic production of the territory that would later become the Federative Republic of Brazil between the 16th and 19th centuries. This territory, moreover, encompassed a myriad of very different societies and languages originating from at least three different continents. Should the production, for example, of Tupi or Yoruba artworks be considered colonial? Or should they, instead, be understood as belonging to a distinctive path and independent art historical process? Is it viable to propose a transcultural academic approach without, at the same time, flattening the specificities and richness of the various societies that inhabited the territory? Recent scholarly work has been bringing together traditional historiographical references in Brazilian colonial art and perspectives from so-called “global art history.” These efforts have not only internationalized the field, but also made it multidisciplinary by combining researches in anthropology, ethnography, archaeology, history, and art history.

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

scholarly journals Documentation of a Collection of Archaeological Materials from the Millsey Williamson Site (41RK3), A Historic Nadaco Caddo Settlement

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
TImothy K. Perttula ◽  
Bo Nelson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
River Basin ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Area ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Unknown Number ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Sabine River

The Millsey Williamson site (41RK3) is a well known historic 18th century Nadaco Caddo site on Martin Creek in Rusk County, Texas. It is one of a number of 18th and early 19th century Kinsloe phase sites in the middle Sabine River basin apparently affiliated with the Nadaco Caddo settlement of the region. An unknown number of historic Nadaco Caddo burials have been excavated at the site over the years, especially along the western part of the terrace landform above Martin Creek, now marked by the Martin Lake shoreline. There has been intensive collecting activities at Millsey Williamson since Martin Lake was built more than 30 years ago. The collection we document here came from the shoreline in the general area of the other Nadaco Caddo burials reported from Millsey Williamson.

Bohemian Love

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 111-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Wilson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Freudian Theory ◽  
Greenwich Village ◽  
The One ◽  
Human Desire

The rise of a bohemian subculture in the early 19th century drew on the Romantic beliefs in genius on the one hand and erotic passion on the other. Romantic love was a tragic, often forbidden passion and thus could include the most transgressive form: homosexuality. In the German bohemias of Munich and Berlin at the turn of the century, however, the influence of psychoanalysis as a radical new theory of human desire influenced the `erotic revolution' of the period; this moved bohemian love from an understanding of desire as a fatal passion to a celebration of it as a liberating and ecstatic force, albeit with sometimes disastrous consequences. The migration of psychoanalysis to the American bohemia of Greenwich Village inaugurated a further change as popularized versions of Freudian theory advocated the importance of sexual fulfilment in life, yet also became normative and prescriptive. The ironic conclusion drawn is that `bohemian love' has become the norm in a consumer society, yet shorn of its subversive and transgressive elements.

scholarly journals The Formation of the Bhikṣu Ordination in 19th Century Chosŏn Korea: Focusing on the Ten Wholesome Precepts of the Monk Paekp’a

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Ja-rang Lee
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Korean Buddhism ◽  
Choson Korea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Ordination can be said to be the core of Buddhism and maintaining this tradition is the key to maintaining Buddhism. This was the realization of the monastics in early 19th century Korea such as Paekp’a (1767–1852), Taeŭn (1780–1841), and Manha (d.u.) who were the pioneers in reviving the ordination tradition at a time when the saṃgha must have suffered a severe decline of this all too important tradition. Among these three monks, there were some commonalities such as the common geography of Chirisan area in the Hoam region where they started this movement and the fact that Paekp’a and Taeŭn, belonged to the Pyŏngyang lineal clan, the lineal descendants of the great masters Hyujŏng and P’yŏnyang. The effort to revitalize the ordination tradition by Paekp’a and other monks were successful in establishing their lineal clan and, at the same time, significantly contributed to securing their lineage within the history of Korea Buddhism. However, because Paekp’a’s method of the ten wholesome precepts was seen to be different from the traditional methods of ordination, its influence was. Taeŭn’s methods, on the other hand, by borrowing notions from the Brahmā’s Net Sutra which allowed monks to revitalize their lineal clan through one’s own effort, drew support from eminent monks and became widely practiced. Similarly, the lineage that was formed by Manha by traveling to China on being recognized for its legitimacy came to be established as part of the mainline of Korean Buddhism. While such methods were successful in responding to the dire situation of the early 19th century, this movement also provided the foundation for the continuation to the modern period the traditional orthodox lineage that was started some 300 years earlier.

Mountains in labour: Eliot’s ‘Atrocities’ and Woolf’s alternatives

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
David Kellogg
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
George Eliot ◽  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
The One

Virginia Woolf was in two minds about George Eliot. On the one hand, she called Middlemarch ‘magnificent’ and described it as ‘one of the few English novels written for grown-up people’. On the other, she said that Eliot wrote in the typical ‘male’ sentence of the early 19th century, with which she committed ‘atrocities that beggar description’. In this paper, we use Michael Halliday’s systemic-functional linguistics to describe some of these ‘atrocities’: long clause-complexes, heavy use of abstract nouns, and delicately balanced pairs of clauses that contrast in polarity, for example, ‘not … but …’. We show, however, that they only form the crust of the book and outer layers of each chapter: they are concentrated in the prelude, the finale and in the narrative passages rather than in the ‘magnificent’ dialogue. Woolf’s own work then fuses this dialogue with narrative by transforming it into inner speech and allowing this inner speech to narrate the story. What unites Woolf to Eliot is their shared conviction that it is the ridiculous mice of little life which move the mountains of literature.

scholarly journals Distorted Universality — Internationalization and its Implications for the Epistemological Foundations of the Discipline

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Keim
Keyword(s):  
Common Core ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scholarly Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Double Move

In recent years, the articulation between the common core of the discipline and its local manifestations has become increasingly problematic. It might seem paradoxical that calls for more local sociologies appear at the very time of globalization. However, I argue that this double move — the internationalization of the scholarly community on the one hand and the localization of specific claims on the other — is not as ironic as it first appears. On the contrary, it has its foundations in the very history of the discipline, in the realities of its worldwide spreading, and in the forms of its international constitution that are marked by hierarchies and inequalities, especially with regard to South-North-relations. Résumé. Récemment, l’articulation entre le corpus commun de la discipline d’un côté et ses manifestations locales de l’autre côté se trouve remise en question. Il peut paraître paradoxal que les revendications de sociologies plus « locales » émergent simultanément au processus de mondialisation. Toutefois, j’argumenterai que ce double mouvement vers l’internationalisation de la communauté scientifique d’un côté, et la localisation de ses réalisations spécifiques de l’autre côté, n’est pas aussi ironique que cela puisse paraître à première vue. Au contraire, il semble que ces développements récents trouvent leur origine dans l’histoire même de la discipline, dans les réalités de son expansion globale et dans les formes de sa constitution internationale qui sont marquées par des hiérarchies et des inégalités profondes, surtout en ce qui concerne les relations Sud-Nord.

Ways to Deal with Contingency Violence and Dialogue

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Pablo Oyarzun R. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heinrich Von Kleist ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Paul Celan ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper contingency is estimated as an essentially identifying trait of the (modern) world emerging from the radical upheavals of the late 18th century and the beginnings of the 19th century. If contingency is the mark of the (modern) world as world, the question arises how human beings should, or merely could deal with it. For the purpose of discussing this issue, the usual alternative of violence and dialogue is considered. Nevertheless, the intention is not merely to oppose violent to rational conduct. Taking recourse to two authors who had a particularly acute sense of contingency, Heinrich von Kleist and Paul Celan, the aim of this paper, on the one hand, is to discuss a concept of violence that is not merely instrumental, nor attributable to merely subjective intentions, but that has the significance of the principle of overcoming contingency by way of absolutely forcing order or absolutely renouncing to it. On the other hand, it involves discussing a concept of dialogue that is essentially different to what may be called the institution of Western dialogue, characterized by the disembodiment of the word, and therefore to suggest the concept of a radically embodied dialogue as a way to positively deal with contingency.

O ENSINO RELIGIOSO EM QUESTÃO

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Mauro Rocha Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Common Core ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Common

Neste artigo analisamos a relação do Ensino Religioso com a sua evolução ao longo do contexto recente do Brasil para compreender a posição do Supremo Tribunal Federal ao considerar a possibilidade do Ensino Religioso confessional. Inicialmente apresentaremos a perspectiva legislativa criada com a constituição de 1988 e seus desdobramentos nas indicações curriculares. Neste contexto é frisado a intenção de incluir o Ensino Religioso na Base Nacional Curricular Comum, o que acabou não acontecendo. A tendência manifesta nas duas primeiras versões da BNCC era de um Ensino Religioso não-confessional. Uma tendência que demarcava a função do Ensino Religioso em debater a religião, mas que não permitia o direcionamento por uma vertente religioso qualquer. Esta posição se mostrava uma evolução da primeira perspectiva histórica mais associada à catequese confessional. Assim como também ultrapassava a interpretação posterior de um ecumenismo interconfessional, que mantinha a superioridade do cristianismo ante as demais religiões. Sendo assim, neste artigo, adotaremos o argumento de que a decisão do STF, de seis votos contra cinco, acaba retrocedendo ante o que nos parecia um caminho muito mais frutífero.Palavras-chave: Ensino Religioso. Supremo Tribunal Federal. Confessional. Interconfessional. Não-confessional.Abstract: On this article, we analyze the relation between Religious education and its evolution along the currently Brazilian context in order to understand the position of the Supreme Court in considering the possibility of a confessional Religious education. Firstly, we are going to present the legislative perspective created with the 1988 Federal Constitution and its impacts in the curricular lines. On this context it was highlighted the intention to include the Religious Education on the Common Core National Curriculum (CCNC), which did not really happened. The tendency manifested in the first two versions of the CCNC was of a non-confessional Religious Education. A tendency that delineated the function of the Religious Education as debating religion, but not giving direction on any religious side. This position was an evolution of the first historical perspective more associated to the confessional catechesis. It also went beyond the former interpretation of an inter-confessional ecumenism, which kept the superiority of the Christianity over the other religions. As such, in this paper we adopt the argument that the decision of the Supreme Court, of six votes against five, is a reversal of what seemed to be a much more productive path on the Religious Education.Keywords: Religious Education. Brazilian Supreme Court. Confessional. Inter-confessional. Non- confessional.Enviado: 23-01-2018 - Aprovado e publicado: 12-2018

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