scholarly journals The effect of an oral glucose load on serum free amino acid concentrations in children before and after treatment for kwashiorkor

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Grimble ◽  
R. G. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Substrate Limitation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

1. The mechanisms by which an oral dose of glucose can stimulate the uptake of essential amino acids from serum was found to be operative even in children with severe, untreated kwashiorkor.2. Although the percentage fall in the concentration of the essential amino acids in response to glucose was the same before and after treatment, the absolute fall was greater on discharge. The results indicated that the magnitude of this fall might depend on the initial fasting concentration of each individual amino acid.3. These results have been discussed on the basis of possible long-term pathological effects of a distorted serum amino acid pattern typified by low concentrations of valine, leucine and threonine. The protein-sparing action of carbohydrate, achieved by the preferential synthesis of muscle protein in response to insulin secretion, might be less effective because of substrate limitation.4. Of the non-essential amino acids, the concentrations of alanine and glycine also fell markedly before treatment, but this did not occur on discharge. The significance of this difference is also discussed.5. The results also indicate that slightly high, spurious amino acid ratios can be obtained if a child is given a drink containing sugar before a blood sample is taken.

AMINO ACIDS IN THE BLOOD AND URINE OF NORMAL AND ARTHRITIC SUBJECTS BEFORE AND AFTER A GLYCINE LOAD GIVEN WITH AND WITHOUT ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1005-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Derrick ◽  
Audrey P. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serum And Urine

Observations have been made on the specific free amino acids (chromatographic analysis) and other nitrogenous constituents in the serum and urine of normal and arthritic men under controlled dietary conditions, before and after a glycine load and adrenocorticotropin administered separately and together.Differences in the metabolism of amino acids between normal individuals and arthritics, particularly of alanine, proline, glutamic acid, taurine, and possibly tyrosine (and/or tryptophan) and cystine, were apparent. The differences were largely confined to the non-essential amino acids. Concomitant increases seen in the serum levels and in the excretion of several amino acids, in response to a load of a single amino acid, indicate that the increases in excretion are more than a matter of competition for reabsorption in the kidney. A prerenal phenomenon appears to be involved, possibly interconversion of amino acids. This concept is supported by the evidence that the increases in the serum levels were restricted to the non-essential amino acids.

Influence of fatty acids on ammonia and amino acid flux from active human muscle

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (2) ◽  
pp. E168-E176 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Graham ◽  
B. Kiens ◽  
M. Hargreaves ◽  
E. A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Order Effect ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Ammonia Release

This study examined the dynamics of ammonia and amino acid exchange of human muscle during prolonged steady-state one-legged exercise at 80% of knee extensor maximal work capacity. Subjects (n = 10) performed leg extensor exercise for 1 h (control series), rested for 40 min while an infusion of Intralipid and heparin was begun, and then exercised the contralateral leg with the identical protocol [free fatty acid (FFA) series]. In the control series, ammonia efflux rose progressively, and 4.4 +/- 0.6 mmol were released in 1 h compared with 2.4 +/- 0.5 mmol (P less than 0.05) in the FFA series. The exercise was associated with large effluxes of total amino acids from the active muscle over the hour (12.8 +/- 4.3 and 10.3 +/- 3.3 mmol for control and FFA, respectively). Glutamine and alanine accounted for 47 and 64% of the efflux for the control and FFA series, respectively, while comparable values for essential amino acids were 24 and 20%. The latter implies that a net muscle protein catabolism was occurring during the exercise. The FFA treatment was associated not only with a reduced muscle ammonia release but also with a decreased (P less than 0.05) arterial concentration of nine amino acids (alanine, methionine, lysine, hydroxyproline, serine, glycine, proline, asparagine, and ornithine). Interpretation is limited due to the treatment order effect, but these data are compatible with the hypothesis that plasma clearance was affected by FFA.

AMINO ACIDS IN THE BLOOD AND URINE OF NORMAL AND ARTHRITIC SUBJECTS BEFORE AND AFTER A GLYCINE LOAD GIVEN WITH AND WITHOUT ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1005-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Derrick ◽  
Audrey P. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serum And Urine

Observations have been made on the specific free amino acids (chromatographic analysis) and other nitrogenous constituents in the serum and urine of normal and arthritic men under controlled dietary conditions, before and after a glycine load and adrenocorticotropin administered separately and together.Differences in the metabolism of amino acids between normal individuals and arthritics, particularly of alanine, proline, glutamic acid, taurine, and possibly tyrosine (and/or tryptophan) and cystine, were apparent. The differences were largely confined to the non-essential amino acids. Concomitant increases seen in the serum levels and in the excretion of several amino acids, in response to a load of a single amino acid, indicate that the increases in excretion are more than a matter of competition for reabsorption in the kidney. A prerenal phenomenon appears to be involved, possibly interconversion of amino acids. This concept is supported by the evidence that the increases in the serum levels were restricted to the non-essential amino acids.

Effects of intramammary arterial infusion of essential amino acids in the lactating goat

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Linzell ◽  
T. B. Mepham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Arterial Plasma ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

SummaryExperiments were performed on 3 lactating goats, in which mammary arterial plasma amino-acid concentrations were elevated by the infusion of a solution of essential amino-acids into the carotid artery supplying a transplanted mammary gland. In 2 experiments there were marked elevations in the arterial concentrations of most essential amino acids, but in one case only did this result in significantly increased uptake of amino acids by the gland, the arterio-venous difference being significantly correlated with arterial concentration for all except one amino acid. In the experiment in which increased amino-acid uptake was observed, infusion also resulted in a significantly increased milk yield and increased milk protein yield. The results are discussed in relation to data from other laboratories and lead to the suggestion that milk protein synthesis may be limited by the availability of either methionine or tryptophan.

Protein degradation and synthesis measured with multiple amino acid tracers in vivo

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (4) ◽  
pp. E733-E741 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tessari ◽  
R. Barazzoni ◽  
M. Zanetti ◽  
M. Vettore ◽  
S. Normand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Multiple Amino Acid

Whether tracers of different essential amino acids yield the same estimates of body protein turnover is still uncertain. Therefore, we have simultaneously determined leucine (Leu; using [14C]Leu), phenylalanine (Phe; using [13C]Phe), and tyrosine (Tyr; using [2H2]Tyr) rates of appearance (Ra) from proteolysis (PD), as well as Leu and Phe disposal, into protein synthesis (PS) both before and after an anabolic stimulus in healthy volunteers. Protein anabolism was stimulated by insulin plus a branched-chain amino acid-enriched aromatic amino acid-deficient amino acid solution, which increased Leu (from 145 +/- 9 to 266 +/- 10 mumol/l) but decreased Phe (from 57 +/- 2 to 46 +/- 3) and Tyr (from 58.7 +/- 5.5 to 21.0 +/- 2.2) concentrations. Postabsorptive endogenous Leu Ra (2.04 +/- 0.12 mumol.kg-1.min-1), Phe Ra (0.66 +/- 0.03), and Tyr Ra (0.45 +/- 0.06), as well as rates of PS determined with the leucine (1.65 +/- 0.10 mumol.kg-1.min-1) and the phenylalanine tracer (0.57 +/- 0.03), agreed well with the known abundance of these amino acids in body protein(s). After insulin and amino acids, PD was suppressed (P < 0.001) using all tracers. However, although percent suppression of endogenous Leu Ra (-->1.49 +/- 0.10 mumol.kg-1.min-1, 26 +/- 5%) and Phe Ra (-->0.53 +/- 0.02 mumol.kg-1.min-1, -20 +/- 2%) were comparable, endogenous Tyr Ra was suppressed to a larger extent (-->0.23 +/- 0.02 mumol.kg-1.min-1, -46 +/- 3% P = 0.038). PS was stimulated using the Leu (+24 +/- 7%, P < 0.02) but not the Phe (+6 +/- 4%, not significant) data. We conclude that isotopes of different essential amino acid: provide comparable estimates of PD and PS in the postabsorptive state. However, their responses to an anabolic stimulus may differ, possibly depending on exogenous amino acid availability and/or the resulting plasma levels.

scholarly journals Amino acid contents and biological value of protein in various amaranth species

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Písaříková ◽  
S. Kráčmar ◽  
I. Herzig
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Amaranth Species ◽  
Amino Acid Contents

Amino acid content before and after heat treatment was assessed in grain of six selected amaranth varieties and four species: Amaranthus cruentus, A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus and A. hybridus, cultivated in the Czech Republic. High content of Lys and Arg was detected in both heat treated and untreated grains, as well as satisfactory content of Cys and lower levels of Met, Val, Ile and Leu. The latter three amino acids appear as limiting. Chemical scores of essential amino acids and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were determined. EAAI value of 90.4% shows the favourable nutritional quality of amaranth protein, which is almost comparable with egg protein. Heat treatment by popping at 170 to 190&deg;C for 30 s resulted in decreased EAAI to 85.4%. Of the essential amino acids under study, Val and Leu contents decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05). The relatively high content of essential amino acids in amaranth grain predetermines its use as a substitution of meat-and-bone meals. &nbsp;

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS IN MICROORGANISMS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Reusser ◽  
J. F. T. Spencer ◽  
H. R. Sallans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Determination ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acid Determination

The cells of 19 species of bacteria, actinomyces, and yeasts were analyzed for protein and essential amino acids. A rapid quantitative method for amino acid determination using one-dimensional paper chromatography was developed. The cellular protein from all species contained relatively high concentrations of lysine, somewhat lower concentrations of tryptophan and threonine, and very low concentrations of methionine. All of the 10 essential amino acids were found in each species tested, although individual differences in the relative and absolute amounts were observed.

scholarly journals The Role of the Anabolic Properties of Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Sources in Supporting Muscle Mass Maintenance: A Critical Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insaf Berrazaga ◽  
Valérie Micard ◽  
Marine Gueugneau ◽  
Stéphane Walrand
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Plant-sourced proteins offer environmental and health benefits, and research increasingly includes them in study formulas. However, plant-based proteins have less of an anabolic effect than animal proteins due to their lower digestibility, lower essential amino acid content (especially leucine), and deficiency in other essential amino acids, such as sulfur amino acids or lysine. Thus, plant amino acids are directed toward oxidation rather than used for muscle protein synthesis. In this review, we evaluate the ability of plant- versus animal-based proteins to help maintain skeletal muscle mass in healthy and especially older people and examine different nutritional strategies for improving the anabolic properties of plant-based proteins. Among these strategies, increasing protein intake has led to a positive acute postprandial muscle protein synthesis response and even positive long-term improvement in lean mass. Increasing the quality of protein intake by improving amino acid composition could also compensate for the lower anabolic potential of plant-based proteins. We evaluated and discussed four nutritional strategies for improving the amino acid composition of plant-based proteins: fortifying plant-based proteins with specific essential amino acids, selective breeding, blending several plant protein sources, and blending plant with animal-based protein sources. These nutritional approaches need to be profoundly examined in older individuals in order to optimize protein intake for this population who require a high-quality food protein intake to mitigate age-related muscle loss.

scholarly journals Unaffected Arm Muscle Hypercatabolism in Dysphagic Subacute Stroke Patients: The Effects of Essential Amino Acid Supplementation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Aquilani ◽  
Mirella Boselli ◽  
Giuseppe D’Antona ◽  
Paola Baiardi ◽  
Federica Boschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Unaffected Side ◽  
Stroke Population ◽  
Subacute Stroke

Alterations in muscle protein turnover of the unaffected side of stroke patients could contribute to physical disability. We investigated whether hypercatabolic activity occurred in unaffected arm muscle and whether supplemented essential amino acids (EAAs) could limit muscle hypercatabolism (MH). Thirty-eight dysphagic subacute stroke subjects (<3 months after acute event) (29 males + 9 females; 69.7 ± 11.4 yrs) were enrolled and randomized to receive 8 g/day EAAs (n= 19; EAA group) or isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin;n= 19, Plac group). Before randomization, all patients had their arterial (A) and venous (V) amino acids measured and muscle (A − V) differences calculated in the unaffected arm. Eight matched and healthy subjects served as controls. When compared to healthy controls, the entire stroke population showed significant muscle release (= negative value A − V) of the amino acid phenylalanine (phenyl-) indicating a prevalence of MH. Moreover, randomized EAA and Plac groups had similar rates of MH. After 38 days from the start of the protocol, the EAA group but not the Plac group had MH converted to balanced protein turnover or anabolic activity. We concluded that muscle protein metabolism of the unaffected arm of dysphagic subacute stroke individuals could be characterized by MH which can be corrected by supplemented EAAs.

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