scholarly journals The effects of excessive amounts of protein on lysine utilization in growing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Langer ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Single Regression

Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether the utilization of lysine in growing pigs is affected by the level of excess protein in the diet. Nine lysine-deficient diets containing 100,200 or 300g crude protein/kg and between 1·2 and 6·8 g ileal digestible lysine/kg were prepared. In the first experiment the apparent ileal digestibility of lysine in three of the nine diets was determined using pigs with simple T-cannulasand Cr2O3, as an indigestible marker. Ileal digestibility of lysine in the other diets was calculated by interpolation. In the second experiment N retention, as a measure of lysine utilization, was determined in all nine diets using growing pigs over the weight range 30–50 kg. The effect of excess protein on lysine utilization was assessed by comparing the regression of N retention v. lysine (ileal digestible) intake at the three levels of protein. Increasing ileal digestible lysine in the diets resulted in a linear increase in N retention with all three protein levels and there was no significant difference amongst the three regressions, indicating that lysine utilization was not affected by the level of protein.Therefore, all data were pooled together to calculate a single regression for all treatments.An increase of 1·0 g ileal digestible lysine led to an increase of 1·43 g N or 8·96 g protein (N x 6·25) retained. Assuming a lysine concentration in the retained body protein of 65–72 mg/g, lysine was utilized with an efficiency of 0·58–0·65

scholarly journals Lysine utilization by growing pigs: simultaneous measurement of protein accretion and lysine oxidation

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix Mnilk ◽  
C. Ian Harris ◽  
Malcolm F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Water Rates ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Lysine Concentration

Nitrogen retention and lysine oxidation were measured in growing pigs given diets which supplied 0, 0·2 or 0·8 of the lysine requirement, with other amino acids in relative excess. Eight groups of three female littermate pigs were used: one of each group was given each of the three diets. In half the pigs (four groups) N retention was measured at body weights (W) of approximately 25,35 and 45 kg. The other four littermate groups of three pigs were given the same three diets; when they reached 35 kg W they were given a continuous (6h) primed infusion of L-[6-3H]lysine. Lysine oxidation was estimated from the production of tritiated water. Rates of both N retention and lysine oxidation increased significantly with lysine intake; mean values (g/kg W0·75 per d) for the three diets respectively were for N retention, 0·00, 0·32 and 1·22, and for lysine oxidation 0·051, 0·058 and 0·078. From the N balance results (assuming a constant lysine concentration in body protein) the efficiency of utilization of absorbed lysine was estimated to be 0·85; from the oxidation results (assuming lysine absorbed but not retained is oxidized) the estimate was 0·95.

scholarly journals PSIV-21 Pellet processing reduces variability of corn soybean meal-based diet digestibility in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 175-175
Author(s):  
Élisabeth Chassé ◽  
Frédéric Guay ◽  
Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Distal Ileum ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
The One

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting on the digestibility of corn-soybean meal-based diet in growing pigs. Two trials with 6 pigs cannulated at the distal ileum were conducted. In each trial, pigs were assigned to each treatment following a crossover design. In each experiment, the same diet, composed of corn and soybean meal with 10% wheat from two different feed mills, was served in pellet or mash form. Pelleting allowed an increase in digestibility in one of the trials. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) were improved with pelleting by 8, 12 and 9% (P< 0.01). The AID of amino acids (AA) was also improved (P< 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was increased by pelleting in DM, CP and DE by 5, 7 and 6% respectively (P< 0.01). The digestibility of the mash diet in experiment 1 was lower than in the pelleted diet in the experiment 1 and both diets in experiment 2 as shown by the interaction Pelleting X Trial which was significant for the AID and ATTD of DM, CP and DE (P< 0.01). Therefore, in experiment 1, pelleting allows to improve the digestibility of diet to the same level as in experiment 2. The AID of CP was higher by 37% in the mash diet from the second experiment compared to the one in the first experiment. Even though the same ingredients were chosen in the two experiments, this shows the variability in digestibility existing between different feed mills and ingredient sources. This difference was not observed in pelleted diets. The results obtained in these two trials show that pelleting can reduce the variability of digestibility and then give a good digestibility of diets even if the ingredients are of different quality or sources.

171 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine on Nitrogen Balance of Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
Woongbi Bi Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing concentrations of dietary Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will alleviate negative effects of excess dietary Leu on N balance of growing pigs. Seventy-two barrows (initial body weight: 33.9 ± 2.6 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1 of 8 diets and 3 blocks with 3 pigs per diet in each block in a 12-d experiment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of L-Val (0 or 0.1%), L-Ile (0 or 0.1%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) that were added to a basal diet containing corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein; 5.9% Leu). The basal diet contained 1.00 % standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and 171% SID Leu:Lys. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with concentrations of Val, Ile, and Trp, and all interactions as main effects and replicate as a random effect. No 3-way interactions were observed (Table 1). Results indicated that fecal N output increased if Ile was added to diets without added Val, but that was not the case if Val was added (interaction, P < 0.05). Addition of Ile to diets reduced N retention, but N retention increased with Trp addition to diets without Val addition, but not if Trp was added to diets with added Val (interaction, P < 0.05). The biological value of protein increased if Trp was added to diets without addition of Ile, but if Ile was added, Trp addition did not increase the biological value of protein (interaction, P < 0.05). In conclusion, adding Ile to a diet with excess Leu reduced N retention, but if Trp was added alone or in combination with Ile or Val, N retention increased.

Effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition on ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of dietary nutrients and evaluating HCl-insoluble ash as a dietary marker in growing pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-L. Yin ◽  
J.D. McEvoy ◽  
H. Schulze ◽  
K.J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Dietary Nutrients

AbstractThe effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition to the diet, and the use of HCl-insoluble ash as a marker, on ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of nutrients were studied with 12 growing pigs fitted with post-valvular T-caecum cannulae (PVTC). The results showed that the apparent ileal digestibility of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was high, (over 0·30). Xylanase, or antibiotics (Avoparcin) or xylanase plus antibiotics supplementation of the wheat middling-based diets did not significantly (P > 0·05) increase the ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of NSP, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), dry matter, crude protein, energy or amino acids. There were no significant (P > 0·05) differences between the HCl-insoluble ash and Cr2O3 recoveries at the ileal or at the faecal levels: proportionately, 0·864 and 0·911 for the ileal and faecal recoveries of HCl-insoluble ash, and 0·857 and 0. 915 for the ileal and faecal recoveries of Cr2O3, respectively.

scholarly journals The effect of heat on amino acids for growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Van Barneveld ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
B. W. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Growth Experiments

Two growth experiments were conducted to determine the effect of heat on the utilization of ileal-digestible lysine from field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Dundale) fed to growing pigs. Five lysine-deficient diets (0.36 g ileal-digestible lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using raw field peas, and field peas heated to either 110°, 135°, 150°, or 165° for 15 min respectively in a forced-air dehydrator. Additional diets were formulated with supplements of free lysine to verify that lysine was limiting in the diets containing the raw peas, and peas heated to 150° or 165°. The growth performance and retention of ileal-digestible lysine by pigs given the diets was determined over the 20–45 kg growth phase. Heat had a significant quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on growth rate, with responses declining from 543 g/d with pigs given the raw peas, to 407 g/d for those given the peas heated to 165°. Similarly, crude protein deposition declined in a quadratic manner (P < 0.001) from 76 to 36 g/d for pigs fed on raw peas and peas heated to 165° respectively. Retention of ileal-digestible lysine was 0.85 in the pigs given the raw field peas and declined in a quadratic manner (P < 0.001) with the application of heat to 0.48 in those pigs given the peas heated to 165°. Pigs fed on field peas heated to 165° had increased (P < 0.05) liver weights. The results indicate that heat applied to protein concentrates, even at mild temperatures, renders lysine in a form that is apparently absorbed but inefficiently utilized by the growing pig. Consequently, ileal digestibility values for lysine in heat-processed meals are unsuitable for diet formulations.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 8. The response of pigs from 50 to 90 kg live weight to dietary ideal protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Yen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

ABSTRACTThe response to dietary lysine when provided as part of an ideal protein was examined in pigs over the range of live weight from 50 to 90 kg. Ninety-six pigs, 32 trios of littermate boars, castrated males and gilts were allocated to eight diets with lysine concentrations of 5·6, 6·2, 7·3, 8·3, 9·3, 10·3, 11·4 and 12·4 g/kg diet and corresponding concentrations of crude protein (CP) from 90 to 186 g/kg diet (all having a digestible energy of 13·38 MJ/kg). Pigs were given food on a restricted scale once daily. With increasing lysine concentration, there was a linear response (followed by a plateau) for growth and carcass characteristics up to dietary lysine concentrations of 91, 7·2 and 8·4 g/kg diet and CP concentrations of 142, 116 and 132 g/kg diet with daily lysine intakes of 22·9, 18·6 and 21·2 g and CP intakes of 357, 290 and 331 g for boars, castrated males and gilts respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Dietary Protein Levels on Survival Rate and Growth Per-formance of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Abdalbast H. Fadel ◽  
Awad J. Lamin ◽  
Randa Rajab Ali ◽  
Karema A. Momen
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Guppy Fish ◽  
Density Rate

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth response of guppy Poecilia reticulata to different dietary protein levels. A total of 72 fry of guppy fish of an initial body weight 0.365± 0.01g were distributed randomly into 60 L aquaria at the density rate of 0.05 g/L. Fish were fed to satiation twice daily for eight weeks with diets containing different dietary protein levels (20%, 30%, or 40%.). The survival rate of guppy was unaffected by increasing dietary protein levels. At the end of the experiment, weight gains (g) ranging from 1.93 to 3.55 were obtained corresponding to 20% and 40% crude protein respectively. The growth performance and feeding efficiencies were significantly improved (P < 0.05) by increasing dietary protein levels. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the specific growth rate of fish that were fed 20% and 30% dietary protein levels. The value of the condition factor was significantly high in fish fed at 40% dietary protein. It can be concluded that a 40% dietary protein level is recommended for guppy fish.

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