scholarly journals Pteris vittata (Chinese ladder brake fern).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Pteris Vittata ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
European Mediterranean Region

Abstract Pteris vittata is a herbaceous fern native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. It is mostly found in disturbed and urban areas, usually growing on limestone substrates, including buildings walls, pavement cracks and tombs. Although no details are available on its introduction to areas outside its native range, the dispersal of the species occurs naturally through air-borne spores or by its occasional use as an ornamental. It is reported as an urban weed in the European Mediterranean region and in Lucknow in India. In Azerbaijan it is categorized as a species that has the ability to self-sustain for a certain period of time, but not invading natural ecosystems. P. vittata is categorized in Florida, USA as an exotic species that has increased in abundance or frequency but has yet to alter natural plant communities. P. vittata is reported as invasive on Diego García Island, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Micronesia, Guam, Palau, USA (Florida and Hawaii), Cuba and Brazil. Although there are no data available on its effects on natural habitats or native species, it is still regarded as an invasive species due to the vast number of spores produced.

The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 4. Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Page ◽  
Ronald E. Wall ◽  
Stephen J. Darbyshire ◽  
Gerald A. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Invasive Alien Plant ◽  
Heracleum Mantegazzianum

Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) is an invasive alien plant of management concern in southern Canada where it has escaped from horticulture and established and spread in natural, ruderal, and agricultural ecosystems. It poses a threat to natural ecosystems and human health, and is also a weed in agricultural and urban areas. It is a member of the Carrot family (Apiaceae) and is closely related to the native species Heracleum maximum Bartram (cow-parsnip). It is a monocarpic perennial, which generally flowers in its 3rd or 4th year. Large size, leaf shape, dark reddish pigments in patches on stems and petioles, and fruit characteristics readily distinguish H. mantegazzianum from other plants in Canada. It is increasingly common in riparian areas, floodplains, and forest edges in or near urban areas in southwestern British Columbia and southern Ontario. Based on herbarium specimens, H. mantegazzianum was first recorded in Ontario in 1949, British Columbia in 1964, Nova Scotia in 1980, Quebec in 1990, and New Brunswick in 2000. The development of dense stands of H. mantegazzianum can also reduce the richness of native plants. Contact with H. mantegazzianum can cause phytophotodermatitis, a serious skin inflammation caused by UV photo-activation of furanocoumarins present in the sap. Control methods include herbicide application, mechanical cutting, and animal grazing, but strategies to address seed dispersal and re-establishment from dormant seed must also be adopted. Widespread establishment in southern Canada suggests that eradication is unlikely. However, range expansion and rapid population growth can be prevented through strategic management including public education. Key words: Giant hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Apiaceae, HERMZ, invasive plant, weed biology, furanocoumarins

scholarly journals Morphological aspects of fruits, seeds, seedlings and in vivo and in vitro germination of species of the genus Cleome

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Carvalho de Castro ◽  
Claudia Simões-Gurgel ◽  
Ivan Gonçalves Ribeiro ◽  
Marsen Garcia Pinto Coelho ◽  
Norma Albarello
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Cleome Spinosa ◽  
The Tropics

The genus Cleome is widely distributed in drier areas of the tropics and subtropics. Cleome dendroides and C. rosea are Brazilian native species that occur mainly in Atlantic Forest and sandy coastal plains, respectively ecosystems negatively affected by human impacts. Cleome spinosa is frequently found in urban areas. Many Cleome species have been used in traditional medicine, as C. spinosa. In the present work, was investigated C. dendroides, C. rosea and C. spinosa germinative behavior under in vivo conditions, as well as was established suitable conditions to in vitro germination and seedling development. The in vivo germination was performed evaluating the influence of temperature, substrate and light. It was observed that only C. spinosa seeds presents physiological dormancy, which was overcome by using alternate temperatures. The substrate influenced significantly the germination of C. rosea and the seeds of C. dendroides showed the highest germination percentages in the different conditions evaluated. The post-seminal development stages under in vivo and in vitro conditions were defined. It was observed that the development was faster under in vitro than in vivo conditions. An effective methodology for in vitro germination, enabling the providing of material to experiment on plant tissue culture was established to C. dendroides and C. spinosa.

scholarly journals Pteris tripartita (giant brake).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Floodplain Wetlands ◽  
Critically Endangered Species ◽  
Secondary Vegetation ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Southern Florida ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Basin Wetlands

Abstract Pteris tripartita is a terrestrial fern native to the tropics of the Old Word, introduced to the New World as an ornamental, with records of its being sold in nurseries in Florida (USA) in the 19th century. It is naturalized at scattered localities from Florida to northern South America, including the Caribbean. It is reported as invasive in Cuba and the south of Florida, USA. Its invasiveness in Cuba is due to its high reproductive capacity and its spread into secondary vegetation and cultivated lands in the eastern part of the country. In southern Florida, it is considered as a moderately invasive species, recorded as escaping cultivation in 1928. It is invasive in floodplain wetlands, basin wetlands and mesic uplands, displacing native species. It is not reported as invasive in its native range. It is regarded as a critically endangered species in India.

scholarly journals Las políticas públicas de la restauración ambiental en México: limitantes, avances, rezagos y retos

2017 ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Julia Carabias ◽  
Vicente Arriaga ◽  
Virginia Cervantes-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Environmental Restoration ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Negative Effects

In spite of the profound deterioration of Mexican natural ecosystems and the negative effects that this process has caused on the quality of life of the human population, environmental restoration has not yet become a priority public policy. Restoration activities such as reforestation and soil improvement have been promoted since the beginning of the 20th century; however, the priority has been put on reforestation of green urban areas and on the recovery of agricultural soil. It was not until the mid 1990’s that an integral vision of restoration was included. For example, regarding reforestation, compact rural areas were prioritized through the introduction of native species. Although this was an important step, production and planting is still emphasized and not enough attention has been put on survival rates of the plants or the consolidation of reforested areas. Other important programs are the recovery of threatened priority species, the elimination of exotic species, and the recovery of degraded lands in priority regions such as the humid tropics, among others. There is significant progress in the programmatic platform, allocation of economic resources, and institutional strengthening. However, there is a need to consolidate and harmonize an adequate legal framework, increase efforts to build technical and scientific workgroups with a long term, interdisciplinary and integral vision that influence and promote innovative public policy for environmental restoration

scholarly journals Sylvatic Mosquito Diversity in Kenya—Considering Enzootic Ecology of Arboviruses in an Era of Deforestation

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Gillian Eastwood ◽  
Rosemary C. Sang ◽  
Joel Lutomiah ◽  
Philip Tunge ◽  
Scott C. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Natural Habitats

As new and re-emerging vector-borne diseases are occurring across the world, East Africa represents an interesting location, being the origin of several arboviruses with a history of urbanization and global spread. Rapid expansion of urban populations and alteration of natural habitats creates the opportunity for arboviruses to host-switch from wild, sylvatic hosts or vectors into urban transmission affecting human populations. Although mosquito surveillance regularly takes place in urban areas of Kenya, for example identifying vectors of dengue virus or malaria viruses, little work has been carried out to determine the distribution and abundance of sylvatic vectors. Here, we describe the mosquito vector species and diversity collected at twelve forest habitats of rural Kenya. We conducted arbovirus screening of over 14,082 mosquitoes (47 species, 11 genera) as 1520 pools, and detected seven viruses (six bunyaviruses, and one flavivirus-bunyavirus co-infection) isolated from pools of Aedes dentatus, Anopheles funestus, Culex annulioris, and Cx. vansomereni. Awareness of sylvatic vector species and their location is a critical part of understanding the ecological foci and enzootic cycling of pathogens that may be of concern to public, animal or wildlife health. As natural ecosystems come under anthropogenic pressures, such knowledge can inform us of the One Health potential for spillover or spillback leading to outbreaks, and assist in vector control strategies.

IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE GEOFÁCIES DAS ÁREAS DE OCORRÊNCIA DO PSITACÍDEO BROTOGERIS CHIRIRI NA ÁREA CENTRAL DA ILHA DO MARANHÃO (MA) PELO MÉTODO DE AVISTAMENTO

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1049-1059
Author(s):  
Samanta Costa Silva Fraga ◽  
Thiago André Andrade da Silva ◽  
Luiz Jorge Bezerra da Silva Dias
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Ceiba Pentandra ◽  
Wide Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribución Geográfica

A pesquisa surge com o intuito de expandir e estimular o estudo sobre a avifauna brasileira, nesse caso em específico, a espécie Brotogeris chiriri. Objetivando entender os fatores que influenciam em sua distribuição na área de estudo, fez-se necessário mapear as áreas de maior ocorrência por avistamento e observar o seu comportamento. A pesquisa foi executada no ápice da estiagem na ilha do Maranhão, entre setembro e novembro de 2017, dividida entre embasamento bibliográfico e observações de campo, onde se utilizou de registro fotográfico para a caracterização dos hábitos e comportamentos da espécie. A espécie possui ampla distribuição geográfica, sua presença em áreas urbanas é cada vez mais comum reflexo da perda de habitats naturais. A altitude e a centralidade da área de estudo beneficiam a espécie, por protegê-la de ventos marítimos, e de maiores predadores. Foram observados alimentando-se apenas uma espécie de árvore (Ceiba pentandra) apesar de haver outras frutíferas, como as Mangíferas, mas são utilizadas apenas para refúgios em picos de temperatura. A Ceiba pentandra é de suma para a espécie, pois é utilizada para forrageio e nidificação. Indica-se um plano de manejo de recuperação florestal da área espécies nativas com ênfase na espécie Ceiba pentandra.Palavras-chave: Brotogeris chiriri; Biogeografia; Mapeamento. ABSTRACTThe research appears with the intention of to expand and to stimulate the study on the Brazilian birdlife, in that case in specific, the species Brotogeris chiriri. Aiming at to understand the factors that influence its distribution in the study area, it was done necessary to map the areas of larger occurrence by sighting and to observe its behavior. The research was executed in the apex of the drought in the island of Maranhao, between september and november of 2017, divided between bibliographical and field observations, where it was used of photographic registration for the characterization of the habits and behaviors of the species. The species possesses wide geographical distribution, its presence in urban areas is more and more common reflection of the loss of natural habitats. The altitude and centrality of the study area benefit the species by protecting it from maritime winds and from larger predators. Only one species of tree (Ceiba pentandra) was observed, although there are other fruit trees, such as mangroves, but they are used only for refuges in peaks of temperature. The Ceiba pentandra is of sum for the species, as it is used for foraging and nesting. A plan of handling of forest recovery of the area native species is indicated with emphasis in the species Ceiba pentandra.Key-words: Brotogeris chiriri; Biogeography; Mapping. RESUMEN La investigación se realiza para ampliar y estimular el estudio de la avifauna brasileña, en este caso específico, la especie Brotogeris chiriri. Para comprender los factores que influyen en su distribución en el área de estudio, fue necesario mapear las áreas de mayor ocurrencia al observar y observar su comportamiento. La investigación se llevó a cabo en la cúspide de la sequía en la isla de Maranhão, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2017, dividida entre la base bibliográfica y las observaciones de campo, donde se utilizó un registro fotográfico para caracterizar los hábitos y comportamientos de la especie. La especie tiene una amplia distribución geográfica, su presencia en áreas urbanas es un reflejo cada vez más común de la pérdida de hábitats naturales. La altitud y la centralidad del área de estudio benefician a la especie al protegerla de los vientos marinos y los depredadores más grandes. Se ha observado que alimentan solo una especie de árbol (Ceiba pentandra) aunque hay otras frutas, como Mangifera, pero se usan solo para refugios a temperaturas máximas. Ceiba pentandra es muy corta para la especie, ya que se usa para forrajear y anidar. Se indica un plan de manejo de recuperación forestal para el área de especies nativas con énfasis en las especies de Ceiba pentandra.Palabras-clave: Brotogeris chiriri; Biogeografía; Mapeo.

Non-native species in Canada’s boreal zone: diversity, impacts, and risk

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Langor ◽  
Erin K. Cameron ◽  
Chris J.K. MacQuarrie ◽  
Alec McBeath ◽  
Alec McClay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Boreal Zone ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Management Measures

More than 1180 non-native species, mostly of Palaearctic origin, have been recorded from the boreal zone of Canada, with the highest diversity on the island of Newfoundland and in the southern boreal zone of Ontario and Quebec. The non-native biota of the boreal zone (and of Canada in general) is poorly known in terms of species composition and distribution. A large proportion of species are associated with disturbed anthropogenic habitats such as urban areas, agricultural landscapes, transportation and communication corridors, and industrial developments. Natural habitats in the boreal zone have a high degree of resistance to invasion compared with those of other Canadian zones, likely owing to harsh climates, low light levels, poor soil nutrient availability, low soil pH, low productivity, and dense covering of the ground by plants, especially bryophytes. Of the relatively few non-native species that have successfully colonized the boreal zone, many decline greatly in abundance after a few years, suggesting biotic resilience. To date the boreal zone has shown the least resistance and resilience to large vertebrates (moose and white-tailed deer) translocated to islands, diseases of vertebrates, and earthworms. In general, the ecological impacts of non-native species on the boreal zone have been poorly studied, and there are few examples where such impacts are evident. Likewise, there has been little attempt to quantify the economic impacts of non-native species in either the boreal zone or in Canada as a whole. In the few cases where management measures have been implemented for highly destructive non-native species, results have been somewhat successful, especially where classical biological control measures have been implemented against insects on trees. Chemical and mechanical management measures have had only limited success in localized situations. Management resources are most effectively applied to reducing the risk of introduction. The risk to the boreal zone posed by future new non-native species is increasing with the warming climate and the fast and direct transport of goods into the boreal zone from points of origin. Five recommendations are provided to address recognized gaps concerning non-native species.

scholarly journals Dichanthium aristatum (angelton bluestem).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Coastal Prairie ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract Dichanthium aristatum is a perennial grass native to Asia and parts of India and naturalized in the tropics and subtropics worldwide through its use as a forage/fodder species. It is reported as invasive in USA (Texas and Hawaii) and French Polynesia due to its prolific seed production, a high density of reproductive shoots and its fast growth. D. aristatum is also reported as invasive in heavily grazed grasslands. In Texas it invades and outcompetes native grasses in coastal prairie communities. D. aristatum has been categorized as an F1 (Fundamental Invasiveness Index 1) species: invasive in disturbed and natural habitats; affecting native species and the biodiversity by altering the native vegetation and habitats by outcompeting the native species; or causing economic damage. Although D. aristatum is considered potentially invasive in Cuba, it has been reported that despite naturalization of the species, it is not frequent, and is neither aggressive nor expanding in the country.

Diversity of organisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Diversity Of Life

The focus of this chapter is an examination of the diversity of living organisms found within urban environments, both inside and outside buildings. The discussion commences with prions and viruses before moving on to consider micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Prions and viruses cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. Micro-organisms are ubiquitous and are found in great numbers throughout urban environments. New technologies are providing new insights into their diversity. Plants may be found inside buildings as well as in gardens and other green spaces. The final sections of the chapter offer a discussion of the diversity of animals that live in urban areas for part or all of their life cycle. Examples of the diversity of life in urban environments are presented throughout, including native and non-native species, those that are benign and deadly, and the common and the rare.

Forestry practices and biodiversity, with particular reference to the Maritime Provinces of eastern Canada

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Freedman ◽  
Stephen Woodley ◽  
Judy Loo
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Forest Industries ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable

The Canadian forest industries are based on the extensive harvesting and management of forests, with attendant effects on biodiversity at all levels of organization. In large part, conflicts between forestry and biodiversity occur because lands that are harvested and managed are mostly natural and seminatural ecosystems. Prior to being affected by forestry, such lands provided habitat for native species of wild life and their communities. Some of these elements of biodiversity may not find silvicultural habitats, especially plantations, to be suitable to their needs. In addition, the longer term integrity of some natural ecosystems, for example old-growth forests, is not compatible with any but the softest types of exploitation and management. This report discusses interactions of forestry and biodiversity at three levels of organization: (i) genetic variation within populations and species; (ii) the richness of species within communities; and (iii) the richness of community types on the landscape. A broader conclusion of our report is the following: If forestry systems of harvesting and management are to be practised in an ecologically sustainable fashion, then all elements of biodiversity must be accommodated within a landscape comprised of an integration of working lands and ecological reserves. The spatial scale of this integration could be various, ranging from large watersheds, to the "woodsheds" of particular industrial facilities, to provincial and national areas. Therefore, resolution of the substantial conflicts between biodiversity and forestry requires the design of ecologically sustainable landscapes that can provide a flow of timber and other valuated forest products, while still sustaining natural biodiversity resources.Key words: forest management, biodiversity, ecological reserves, eastern Canada, harvesting practices, old growth.

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