Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with fipronil

AbstractThe survival and infectivity of infective juveniles (IJs) of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were determined after exposure to different concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) of fipronil, an insecticide acting on the GABA receptors to block the chloride channel. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was very tolerant to all concentrations of fipronil, with the highest mortality of 17% being observed at 2000 ppm of fipronil after 72 h exposure. Steinernema carpocapsae showed a similar response, with the highest mortality of 11.25% of IJs being observed after 72 h exposure to 2000 ppm of fipronil. Steinernema arenarium was, however, more sensitive to fipronil, and at 2000 ppm mortality rates of 94.6% and 100% were observed after 24 and 72 h, respectively. Fipronil had negligible effects on the infectivity of the three nematode species tested. The IJs which survive exposure to all concentrations of fipronil tested can infect and reproduce in Galleria larvae. The moderate effects on entomopathogenic nematodes of a lower fipronil concentration (250 ppm) and the field rates (12–60 ppm) of fipronil used as insecticide, suggest that direct mixing of entomopathogenic nematodes and fipronil at field rates is a viable integrated pest management option.

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PERFORMANCE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES ON NEOLEUCINODES ELEGANTALIS (GUENÉE) (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE)

Revista Acta Ambiental Catarinense ◽

10.24021/raac.v18i1.5575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 205-215

Author(s):

Dirceu Pratissoli ◽

ALIXELHE PACHECO DAMASCENA ◽

Débora Melo Ferreira Fragoso ◽

José Romário De Carvalho ◽

Amanda Carlos Túler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Positive Control ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Heterorhabditis Indica ◽

Tomato Seedlings

The use of entomopathogenic nematodes in pest management is an alternative to reduce the yield and/or damage losses caused by pests in several crops. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of Heterorhabditis indica (Nemata: Rhabditida) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Nemata: Rhabditida), in pre-pupae of Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and determine the temporal viability of the pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae applied to soil. The nematode species were diluted in distilled water to 50, 65, 83, 107, 138, 178, 229, 295, 380 and 500 infective juveniles per pre-pupae (IJs insect-1) of N. elegantalis. The mortality of pre-pupa of N. elegantalis was higher as the concentrations of both studied species increased. The nematode S. carpocapsae was the most effective, causing mortality of 82.93% in the concentration of 65 IJs insect-1 and an LC50 of 24.32 IJs insect-1. In the pathogenicity test, S. carpocapsae was applied in the concentration of 100 JI/cm² in pots previously planted with tomato seedlings. As positive control was used tomato seedlings treated with distilled water. S. carpocapse presented soil viability of 24 days. Thus, S. carpocapsae can be an important tool in the integrated pest management (IPM) of N. elegantalis.

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Mortality Response of Green June Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Four Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.268 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 268-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Monica L. Townsend ◽

Don C. Steinkraus ◽

Donn T. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

The Other ◽

Mortality Response ◽

Green June Beetle

Four species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (NC strain), S. glaseri (Steiner), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, were tested in the laboratory for their effect on larvae of the green June beetle, Cotinus nitida L. When nematodes were injected into the foregut of larvae (ca. 1,000 nematodes per larva), S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, and H. bacteriophora caused similar mortality (65, 45, 65, and 63%, respectively). At a concentration of 10 nematodes per larva, S. carpocapsae produced significantly higher mortality (51%) than the other three nematode species. Increasing nematode concentrations resulted in only a slight increase in mortality of larvae injected perorally with any of the four nematode species. Water filtrates from whole nematodes or ground nematode tissue supernatants from S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora injected perorally into the alimentary tract did not kill green June beetle larvae. Thus, live nematodes appeared to be necessary to cause mortality. Subcuticular or peroral injections of S. carpocapsae or H. bacteriophora (1,000 nematodes per larva) produced similar mortality of green June beetle larvae ranging from 60 to 70%. Nematode-killed larvae were dissected (n=277) but only two cadavers contained live nematodes and nematodes did not successfully reproduce in any nematode-killed green June beetle larvae. Possible explanations for the failure of cadavers to produce nematode progeny are discussed.

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Adapted formulations for entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003072 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 587-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wenxiu Guo ◽

Xun Yan ◽

Richou Han

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Alternative Formulation

The effects of carriers, temperatures, concentrations of the infective juveniles (IJ) and a fungicide on the survival and infectivity of five nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. longicaudum, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. indica, were evaluated to establish the adapted formulations for these nematodes. Vermiculite and humus were good carriers for the storage of the three Steinernema species, with more than 90% IJ survival after 120 days at 5°C, 80 days at 15°C and at least 20 days at 25°C, and 90% survival for the storage of H. bacteriophora after 10 days at 5°C and 15°C. After 10 days at 25°C, ca 80% IJ survival was recorded for H. bacteriophora and H. indica. Although ca 90% IJ survival was found after 10 days at 15°C for H. indica, this species did not tolerate low temperature, with survival less than 40% after 10 days at 5°C. The ratios of the IJ and the carriers in the ranges of 1:0.8-1:1.2 (w/w) did not significantly influence the survival of all nematode species. The vermiculite formulation containing a fungicide Proxel GXL at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% increased the survival of two Heterorhabditis species. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. indica could be stored for 60 and 40 days, respectively, at 15°C in aerated water with 90% IJ survival, compared with the vermiculite formulation. The tested formulations did not significantly influence the infectivity of the IJ from the formulations with IJ survival more than 80%. The results provide alternative formulation methods for the commercial storage of these beneficial nematodes.

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Virulence of two entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema sp. (strain PQ16) and Heterorhabditis indica (strain KT3987), to nymphs of the coffee cicada Dundubia nagarasingna

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00003193 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 35-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chau N. Nguyen ◽

Anh T. Do ◽

Phap Q. Trinh ◽

Phuc K. Hoang

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Coffee Plantations ◽

Heterorhabditis Indica ◽

Inoculation Dose ◽

Pot Trial

Summary The virulence and efficacy of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema sp. (strain PQ16) and Heterorhabditis indica (strain KT3987), against nymphs of the coffee cicada, Dundubia nagarasingna, was evaluated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. The highest mortality rates of coffee cicada nymphs caused by these two nematode strains were 93.5 and 100%, respectively, at an inoculation dose of 600 infective juveniles (IJ) nymph−1. The virulence (LC50) was established as 137.5 IJ and 149.1 IJ for strains S-PQ16 and H-KT3987, respectively. The highest IJ yields of these nematode strains were 66 × 103 IJ (for S-PQ16) and 134.4 × 103 IJ (for H-KT3987) at a dose of 500 IJ nymph−1. The efficacies of the two nematode strains to coffee cicadas at treated dose of 60 × 103 IJ pot−1 were 84.4 and 88.9% after 30 days, higher than the efficacies at treated dose of 40 × 103 IJ pot−1. The number of IJ in 250 ml of soil at 10, 20 and 30 days after treatment, increased from 0.38 × 103 to 4.80 × 103 IJ in soil treated with a dose of 40 × 103 IJ and from 0.66 × 103 to 5.02 × 103 IJ in soil treated with a dose of 60 × 103 IJ (for S-PQ16). Similarly, for H-KT3987 the number of IJ increased from 0.43 × 103 to 8.99 × 103 IJ and from 0.62 × 103 to 9.64 × 103 IJ, at the respective doses. Based on results of a pot trial from glasshouse modelling, an IJ application dosage for biological control of coffee cicada nymphs in coffee plantations was proposed.

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Effects of various stress factors on heat tolerance by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854107780739126 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 161-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anwar Bilgrami ◽

Randy Gaugler

Keyword(s):

Heat Tolerance ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽

Normal Function ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Better Than

AbstractCentrifugation, desiccation, agitation, and handling of entomopathogenic nematodes in the laboratory during isolation, culture, storage, formulation and experimentation, influences nematode ability to tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Stress imposed by centrifugation (5-60 min), desiccation (3-9 days), agitation (3-24 h), and handling (2-10 times) reduced stress and heat tolerance in Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae. Short durations of stresses (e.g., 5 min of centrifugation, 3-5 days of desiccation, 3 h of agitation and 2-4 times of handling) did not affect nematodes, whereas prolonged durations (e. g., 10-60 min of centrifugation, 7-9 days of desiccation, 6-24 h of agitation and 6-10 times of handling) significantly decreased heat tolerance. Steinernema carpocapsae tolerated stress comparatively better than H. bacteriophora by showing a significantly greater degree of heat tolerance. This study provides a basis to investigate further the effects of physical and chemical stresses in order to minimise handling of laboratory nematodes and reduce disruptions of their normal function and behaviour.

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Use of species-specific satellite DNAs as diagnostic probes in the identification of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae entomopathogenic nematodes

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000081555 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 113 (5) ◽

pp. 483-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

E. Grenier ◽

E. Bonifassi ◽

P. Abad ◽

C. Laumond

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Infective Juvenile ◽

Satellite Dnas ◽

Satellite Sequences ◽

Species Specific

SUMMARYThree satellite DNAs previously isolated from the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Heterorhabditis indicus give hybridization signals only with the S. carpocapsae, H. bacteriophora and H. indicus populations tested, indicating that these satellite sequences are species-specific. Because of their reiteration and their variabilities, we have shown that these sequences are able to discriminate at the interspecific level between the Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species, but also at the intraspecific level between S. carpocapsae strains. Furthermore, in simple squashed nematode experiments, we are able to unambiguously identify S. carpocapsae, H. bacteriophora and H. indicus populations. This last procedure is effective even on a single infective juvenile, with the main advantage that it avoids time-consuming DNA extractions.

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Changes in foraging behaviour during the infective stage of entomopathogenic nematodes

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000065306 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 110 (5) ◽

pp. 583-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

E. E. Lewis ◽

S. Selvan ◽

J. F. Campbell ◽

R. Gaugler

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Storage Period ◽

Foraging Strategy ◽

Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Foraging Strategies ◽

Infective Juvenile ◽

Infective Stage ◽

Energy Reserves

SUMMARYStudies of foraging strategies are often complicated by competing goals of the forager. In contrast, non-feeding infective juvenile entomopathogenic nematodes forage exclusively for a single host. Two questions were posed: (1) what is the relationship between metabolic rate, energy reserves and foraging strategy and (2) when a foraging strategy fails, will an infective-stage parasite switch strategies? Three species of entomopathogenic nematodes were stored in water and changes in their behaviour, metabolic rate, energy reserves, and infectivity were measured throughout the storage period. Steinernema carpocapsae ambushes insect hosts, whereas S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora cruise forage. Steinernema carpocapsae was least active and had the lowest metabolic rate. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was more active and had the highest metabolic rate. Steinernema glaseri was most active and had an intermediate metabolic rate. Neither cruising species changed foraging strategy. Steinernema carpocapsae decreased nictation (a behaviour associated with ambushing only) and increased their locomotory rate. Any change in searching strategy occurred without assessment of the profitability or distribution of potential hosts, but the advantage this confers is unknown.

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Entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) spatial distribution in turfgrass

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000081543 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 113 (5) ◽

pp. 473-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

J. F. Campbell ◽

E. Lewis ◽

F. Yoder ◽

R. Gaugler

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Vertical Distribution ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Horizontal Distribution ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Foraging Strategies ◽

Temporal And Spatial Distribution

SUMMARYUnderstanding the temporal and spatial distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes is essential for determining the role of these insect parasites in soil communities and ultimately for their use in suppression of pest insect populations. We measured the vertical and horizontal distribution of endemic populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophord) in turfgrass. Vertical distribution was determined by taking soil cores every 3 h from 05.00 to 23.00 h, over 4 days, and dividing the cores into 8, 1 cm deep sections. Steinernema carpocapsae was recovered primarily near the soil surface: 50% of positive sections were recovered in the thatch or first 1 cm of soil. S. carpocapsae recovery was lower during the middle of the day and none were recovered in the upper section. H. bacteriophora was recovered uniformly throughout the top 8 cm of soil and its vertical distribution did not change over the course of the day. Horizontal distribution was measured as the number of nematodes recovered from cores taken from 12 randomly selected 0·3 × 0·8 m sections from within four 15·3 × 15·3 m plots. Samples were collected biweekly over a 9-month period. H. bacteriophora had a patchier distribution than S. carpocapsae and both nematode species had more patchy distributions then their potential hosts. Our results support the hypothesis that these two species of nematode utilize different foraging strategies; S. carpocapsae primarily a surface adapted ambusher and H. bacteriophora as a cruise forager.

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Infection and reinfection of Stomoxys calcitrans larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes in different times of exposure

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612021069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Américo de Castro Monteiro Sobrinho ◽

Isadora Luiza Alves Costa ◽

Graziele Calixto Souza ◽

Luís Carlos de Souza Rodrigues Leal ◽

João Luiz Lopes Monteiro Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽

Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽

Stable Fly ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Fly Larvae

Abstract Stomoxys calcitrans is a hematophagous dipteran. Several agents are used in biological control, including entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Bioassay I involved an evaluation of the effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 on S. calcitrans larvae in different periods of exposure. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added, which were divided into groups according to the exposure times of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The purpose of Bioassay II was to evaluate the efficacy of the EPNs in infecting S. calcitrans larvae when they were isolated from stable fly larvae in Bioassay I. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added. In bioassay I, H. bacteriophora caused mortality rates of 51.7, 83.3 and 91.7% in 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively, while H. baujardi caused mortality rates of 9.3 (12h), 35 (24h) and 35% (48h). In Bioassay II, H. bacteriophora and H. baujardi resulted in mortality rates of 35% and 25%, respectively. It was concluded that the longest exposure times presented the highest larval mortality and that EPNs isolated from S. calcitrans are not efficient in controlling the larvae fly.

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A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in the north-west of Iran

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854108x398453 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 107-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Naser Eivazian Kary ◽

Gholamreza Niknam ◽

Seyed Abolgasem Mohammadi ◽

Christine Griffin ◽

Mohammad Moghaddam

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Galleria Mellonella ◽

Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽

Common Species ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Steinernema Feltiae ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

First Time

AbstractDuring 2002-2004, a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes was conducted for the first time in Iran throughout the three provinces in the north-west of the country. Soil samples were tested for the presence of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes by baiting with Galleria mellonella larvae. Of the 833 soil samples studied 27 were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes (3.2%), with 17 (2.0%) containing Heterorhabditis and ten (1.2%) Steinernema isolates. Morphological and molecular studies were carried out to characterise isolates. The Heterorhabditis isolates were identified as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema as Steinernema carpocapsae, S. bicornutum and S. feltiae. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was the most common species, which was isolated from 17 sites across the three provinces. Steinernema feltiae was the most common species of Steinernema, which was isolated from eight sites but in only two provinces. Steinernema carpocapsae and S. bicornutum were each isolated from only one site. Steinernema spp. were isolated mainly from orchards and grasslands but Heterorhabditis was isolated mainly from grasslands and alfalfa fields.

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