2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid and Flower Initiation by Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat, in Short Days and in Long Days

1978 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Cockshull ◽  
J. S. Horridge
Keyword(s):  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat ◽  
Short Days

scholarly journals Selection for wide temperature adaptation in Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
J. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Selected Abstract ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Selection For ◽  
High Or Low Temperature ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat ◽  
Short Days

Rooted cuttings of commercial cvs were grown to flowering at five temperatures and the the number of short days to flowering was recorded. The optimum temperature for rapid flowering varied between cvs. The number of days to flowering at the optimum temperature was not related to the delay in flowering caused by either high or low temperature. In many cvs the delay in flowering at low temperature was accompanied by a similar delay at high temperature. It was concluded that for the character 'time to flowering' genotypes should preferably be selected at low temperatures. If low temperature cannot be realized, only rapidly flowering genotypes should be selected. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Chrysanthemum dry matter partitioning patterns along irradiance and temperature gradients

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Karlsson ◽  
R. D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Matter Basis

The influence of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF, 1.8−21.6 mol d−1 m−2) and day (DT) and night (NT) temperature (10–30 °C) on dry matter accumulation and partitioning was studied in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ’Bright Golden Anne’. Total plant dry matter varied from 3.6 to 17.2 g at flowering. Plants with the greatest dry matter were from treatments with high PPF levels and temperatures. Accumulation of dry matter in roots, stems, leaves and flowers examined on a normalized time and normalized dry matter basis showed similar trends independent of DT, NT and PPF during development. Accumulated dry matter in roots, stems and leaves increased to a maximum and then decreased as the flowers were developing. Maximum leaf, root and stem dry matter was reached at 81, 85 and 91%, respectively, of required time from start of short days (SD) to flower. Proportion root dry matter increased and proportion leaf dry matter decreased in the plants as PPF increased. Partitioning to roots decreased as the DT increased. The root/shoot dry matter ratio decreased as plants developed from start of SD to flowering at all studied combinations of PPF, DT and NT. A positive difference between DT and NT (DIF) resulted in a higher percentage stem dry matter compared to plants grown at a negative DIF. Partitioning to flowers was not strongly correlated with the levels of PPF, DT and NT.Key words: Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dendranthema grandiflora, dry matter accumulation and partitioning, temperature, irradiance

LEAFY expression and flower initiation in Arabidopsis

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (19) ◽  
pp. 3835-3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Blazquez ◽  
L.N. Soowal ◽  
I. Lee ◽  
D. Weigel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Shoot Meristem ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Flower Meristem ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Plant Life Cycle ◽  
Short Days

During the initial vegetative phase, the Arabidopsis shoot meristem produces leaves with associated lateral shoots at its flanks, while the later reproductive phase is characterized by the formation of flowers. The LEAFY gene is an important element of the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase, as LEAFY is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of individual flowers. We have analyzed in detail the expression of LEAFY during the plant life cycle, and found that LEAFY is extensively expressed during the vegetative phase. In long days, Arabidopsis plants flower soon after germination, and this is paralleled by rapid upregulation of LEAFY. In short days, Arabidopsis plants flower several weeks later than in long days, but LEAFY expression increases gradually before flowering commences. Application of the plant hormone gibberellin, which hastens flowering in short days, enhances the gradual change in LEAFY expression observed in short days. Changes in LEAFY expression before the transition to flowering suggest that the time point of this transition is at least partly controlled by the levels of LEAFY activity that are prevalent at a given time of the life cycle. This assumption is borne out by the finding that increasing the copy number of endogenous LEAFY reduces the number of leaves produced before the first flower is formed. Thus, LEAFY combines properties of flowering-time and flower-meristem-identity genes, indicating that LEAFY is a direct link between the global process of floral induction and the regional events associated with the initiation of individual flowers.

scholarly journals Floral Induction in the Short-Day Plant Chrysanthemum Under Blue and Red Extended Long-Days

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malleshaiah SharathKumar ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Leo F. M. Marcelis ◽  
Wim van Ieperen
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Solar Light ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Short Days

Shorter photoperiod and lower daily light integral (DLI) limit the winter greenhouse production. Extending the photoperiod by supplemental light increases biomass production but inhibits flowering in short-day plants such as Chrysanthemum morifolium. Previously, we reported that flowering in growth-chamber grown chrysanthemum with red (R) and blue (B) LED-light could also be induced in long photoperiods by applying only blue light during the last 4h of 15h long-days. This study investigates the possibility to induce flowering by extending short-days in greenhouses with 4h of blue light. Furthermore, flower induction after 4h of red light extension was tested after short-days RB-LED light in a growth-chamber and after natural solar light in a greenhouse. Plants were grown at 11h of sole source RB light (60:40) in a growth-chamber or solar light in the greenhouse (short-days). Additionally, plants were grown under long-days, which either consisted of short-days as described above extended with 4h of B or R light to long-days or of 15h continuous RB light or natural solar light. Flower initiation and normal capitulum development occurred in the blue-extended long-days in the growth-chamber after 11h of sole source RB, similarly as in short-days. However, when the blue extension was applied after 11h of full-spectrum solar light in a greenhouse, no flower initiation occurred. With red-extended long-days after 11h RB (growth-chamber) flower initiation occurred, but capitulum development was hindered. No flower initiation occurred in red-extended long-days in the greenhouse. These results indicate that multiple components of the daylight spectrum influence different phases in photoperiodic flowering in chrysanthemum in a time-dependent manner. This research shows that smart use of LED-light can open avenues for a more efficient year-round cultivation of chrysanthemum by circumventing the short-day requirement for flowering when applied in emerging vertical farm or plant factories that operate without natural solar light. In current year-round greenhouses’ production, however, extension of the natural solar light during the first 11 h of the photoperiod with either red or blue sole LED light, did inhibit flowering.

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