Does the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) mobilize the municipal level? City twinning in Northern Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sergunin ◽  
Pertti Joenniemi
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Municipal Level ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Variation of growth and phenology traits in poplars planted in clonal trials in Northern Europe—implications for breeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Adler ◽  
Almir Karacic ◽  
Ann-Christin Rönnberg Wästljung ◽  
Ulf Johansson ◽  
Kaspars Liepins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
European Climate ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractThe increased demand for wood to replace oil-based products with renewable products has lifted focus to the Baltic Sea region where the environment is favorable for woody biomass growth. The aim of this study was to estimate broad-sense heritabilities and genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions in growth and phenology traits in six climatically different regions in Sweden and the Baltics. We tested the hypothesis that both bud burst and bud set have a significant effect on the early growth of selected poplar clones in Northern Europe. Provenance hybrids of Populus trichocarpa adapted to the Northern European climate were compared to reference clones with adaptation to the Central European climate. The volume index of stemwood was under low to medium genetic control with heritabilities from 0.22 to 0.75. Heritabilities for phenology traits varied between 0.31 and 0.91. Locally chosen elite clones were identified. G×E interactions were analyzed using pairwise comparisons of the trials. Three different breeding zones for poplars between the latitudes of 55° N and 60° N in the Baltic Sea Region were outlined. The studied provenance hybrids with origin from North America offer a great possibility to broaden the area with commercial poplar plantations in Northern Europe and further improve the collection of commercial clones to match local climates. We conclude that phenology is an important selection criterion after growth.

scholarly journals Impact of the new European Union landfill directive on the Baltic Sea region

2019 ◽  
pp. 393-404
Author(s):  
Bertil Paulsson ◽  
William Hogland
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

The Baltic Sea region with population exceeding 100 million which in the future will constitute about one quarter of the population in the European Union if Estonia, Latvia Lithuania and Poland are accepted as members. These countries in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region are foreseen a rapid economic and technical development. Technologies and industries from different parts of the world are invading and the generation of waste will probably increase drastically if measures for avoidance are not taken.Applying the EU Directive 75/442 EEC on waste, witch current amendments, on the presumptive new members will imply drastic changes for the countries concerned, environmentally as well as economically. In addition an EU Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfilling of waste is decided April 26 1999. The new Directive indicates a substantial reduction of the amount of waste ending up at landfill sites. Member countries of the union have started to prepare them selves for the new situation. Countries interested in becoming members might however not be aware of the cost of the new requirements. Investigations of the situation in these countries indicates that upgrading of their waste management to EU standard will require huge economic resources. Implementation of a new landfill system and development of close down programme for existing old dumps including post closure environmental control will demand economic resources and import of technology and technical education. According to the landfill Directive as little landfilling as possible should be carried out which means that the waste must be handled with other methods that are not commonly used in all countries. Those new technologies will probably to high extent be imported from the EU - countries rather then developed and manufactured locally. The new technologies introduced must be adopted to the local situation.

scholarly journals When Soft Spaces Harden: The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Metzger ◽  
Peter Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Sweden and the Baltic Sea Region

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
European Level ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Swedish policy towards the Baltic Sea region in the post-Cold-War period reflects an internationalist approach aimed at institutionalizing regional cooperative mechanisms, along with a generic interest in managing relations with Russia. The Baltic region is of significant strategic interest to Sweden. From a strategic foreign policy perspective, the institutions-based approach to regional cooperation can be viewed as a formula for Sweden to multilateralize relations with Russia while simultaneously reaping economic and security benefits that stem from regional and European-level interdependencies. The roles that follow from this approach—as regional integrator and as normative critic of Russia—are increasingly enacted through European channels, primarily the EU.

scholarly journals SECURITY COOPERATION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: TODAY AND FUTURE IN THE WORLD CONTEXT

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Antanas Makštutis
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Future ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Eu

The paper analyzes the global economic factors of security cooperation in the Baltic Sea region that have an effect on the present and future development of national markets in separate states of this region within the development of the common market of the European Union (EU). It is noted that the EU principal market factors of today: the free movement of people, goods and capital destabilizes the development of a separate state market in the Baltic Sea region, and the tasks of a national state in the future will become still more complicated. The work provides the research results of the factors of a specific geopolitical environment in the Baltic Sea region; the ways and methods are foreseen for solving the future political, economic and social problems in this region under the conditions of globalization.

scholarly journals Reinventing the Baltic Sea Region: From the Hansa to the Eu-Strategy of 2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Michael North
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Physical Setting ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
New Situation ◽  
The Eu

The political changes of 1989 stimulated a new perception and perspective of the Baltic Sea Region. And this gained momentum with the Eastern Enlargement of the EU. The new situation encouraged research as well. In this context the “Baltic Sea” is not an unchangeable physical setting, but also a construction of different actors or protagonists. People and powers continuously reinvent the Baltic Sea Region. That is why; the following paper focuses on the different notions of the Baltic Sea Region from the Middle Ages up to now and also examines the recent EU-Strategy of this region.

Rapid shifts in the Baltic Sea region climate, detected from the ancient coastal formations and number of other ecosystems – how likely it is to happen again and what are the consequences?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Kuusik ◽  
Hannes Tõnisson
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Land Uplift ◽  
Maritime Climate ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Coastal Landforms ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Continental Climate

<p>Estonia is located in the norther part of the Baltic Sea region characterized by land uplift and prograding coasts. On uplifting sedimentary coasts, a variety of coastal landforms can be found. Sometimes the partly buried or elevated coastal formations appear as extensive stripe-like patterns populating coastal plains up to 5–10 km inland. These ridge systems are mostly called beach ridge plains, strandplains and foredune plains. The ridge systems are offering a unique opportunity to examine the events over at least the last 7,000 years when the Baltic Sea mean water table has been consistently dropping and a steady shoreline advancement has been punctuated by rare extreme events. We have found that the signs of past storms are clearly reflected in the internal structure and size of the ancient ridges. It can be assumed that high ridge systems containing extensive seaward-dipping layers formed 3,500–3,000 years ago are reflecting period of extreme storms and high influence of maritime climate, while the following small, nearly unnoticeable ridges, formed 3,000-2,200 years ago are reflecting calm period, probably with more continental climate. The current study is focusing on this shift in climatic conditions and is trying to find shifts in different ecosystems during the same period.</p><p>In this study, GIS analyses based on LiDAR topography were carried out in the coastal ridge systems. Number of study areas with different exposure to the storms and different rates of land uplift were selected. Ridge system patterns from the age of 3500-2200 BP were analysed. The ages for this study were acquired from published luminescence and radiocarbon dating results. Additionally, land uplift rates were used to determine approximate age of the formations. These results were compared with other studies based on the literature analyses. These analyses included: ground penetrating radar studies; records of aeolian sand influx into the coastal peat bogs in Estonia and in Northern Europe; past climatic records of northern Europe; and number of studies related to other ecosystems.</p><p>We have found that during the period of increased storminess and more maritime climate, 3500-3000 years ago, an increased sand influx was reported into the coastal peatbogs. Moreover, number of ground penetrated radar studies along Estonian coast have detected several extensive erosional layers in the internal structure of coastal landforms. In contrast, during the following period, such markers are completely missing. Additionally, notable change has been found in wetland ecosystems where we can find rapid shift from fen phase to raised bog phase around 3000 years ago. All these results are indicating that, for some reason, the climate in our region changed rapidly from western cyclones dominated maritime climate to much calmer and dryer continental climate.</p><p>What where the reasons behind this climatic shift, how it might have influenced different ecosystems, how likely it might happen again as a result of global warming and how we need to take it into account in coastal management plans will be also discussed in this poster.</p>

scholarly journals Powiązania handlowe wewnątrz makroregionu Morza Bałtyckiego – w kierunku integracji regionalnej = Trade linkages within the Baltic Sea region – towards regional integration

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-630
Author(s):  
Barbara Szejgiec-Kolenda ◽  
Patryk Duma
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Two events exerted an essential influence on the development of collaboration in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) in the 21st century, namely: extension of the EU in 2004, due to which Baltic Sea became the inner sea of the EU (except for the Russian coast), and the elaboration and implementation in 2009 of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, which established the framework for the contemporary deepening of cooperation among the Baltic states inside the EU structures. The initially adopted model of cooperation concentrated on the key environmental issues, to then get extended towards the policy domain, including the transborder policies (institutional cooperation), as well as transport and economic connections (Palmowski, 2017). The article, while following the stream of the current studies of the BSR as an economic region, tries to fill the gap of complexity and dynamism of development processes, concerning the scale and intensity of mutual economic relations in relation to BSR. Thus, the article presents the basic aspects, associated with the introduction of the macroregional strategies in the EU and a short description of the economic integration process of the BSR. Analysis is presented of the most important regularities regarding trade exchange between the countries of the BSR, with consideration of the quantitative changes (volume, dynamics), and of the structural ones (specialization of trade in goods and services), as well as the trade linkages at the local level, as seen from the perspective of Polish exports (case study). International comparisons are based primarily on the economic data on foreign trade in goods and in services. The analysis concentrates on the assessment of the transformations in the years 2011 2019 (for trade in services: 2011 2018), that is – already after the establishment of the Strategy and the period of recession, resulting from the global crisis of 2008. In the course of the recent years the changes in the trade linkages considered brought a significant increase in the volume of trade, both concerning goods and services (46.3%), which confirms the initial proposition of the deepening integration within the BSR. Yet, this process takes place in a spatially uneven manner, and it is significantly stronger for the trade in goods than for the services. Internal trade inside the region accounts for as much as 23.7% of the total trade of the BSR countries (this share for the EU countries amounting to 60.0%). Nowadays, the internal trade with the BSR countries is of the highest importance for the small economies of the Baltic states, which is partly due to their intermediate position between Western Europe and Eastern Europe (including, especially, Russia). The analysis of the spatial development of trade with the Nordic countries at the local level in Poland demonstrates the persistence of the applicability and popularity of the gravity models in the study of regula ities, associated with the development of export relations; for the local economies the distance to the sales market and the local economic base are the essential factors, differentiating the magnitude and the significance of exports, in this case – to the Nordic countries. The macroregional Strategy might be treated as a new form of diversified integration within the EU, while the elaborated instruments of the policy and the strategy implementation process can be seen as the response to the need of the cohesion policy, dedicated to the particular areas of supranational dimensions (Gänzle & Kern, 2016). The BSR is strongly internally differentiated, this statement applying to economic, social and demographic aspects (Kubka, 2018). Moreover, it can be expected that the region will remain a heterogeneous area (Laaser & Schrader, 2002), also in terms of the regional trade patterns. Thereby, new questions arise, concerning the further process of economic integration and the specificity of cooperation in the framework of the BSR.

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