Technology penetration and human development nexus in middle-income countries: the synergy effect of inclusive resources distribution

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Alex Adegboye ◽  
Stephen A. Ojeka ◽  
Olawunmi Tolase ◽  
Oluwatayo Omoremi ◽  
Yvonne Jude-Okeke
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Synergy Effect ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resources Distribution

scholarly journals Prevalence of multimorbidity in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2235042X1987093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Nguyen ◽  
Gergana Manolova ◽  
Christina Daskalopoulou ◽  
Silia Vitoratou ◽  
Martin Prince ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Resources Distribution ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale

Background: With ageing world populations, multimorbidity (presence of two or more chronic diseases in the same individual) becomes a major concern in public health. Although multimorbidity is associated with age, its prevalence varies. This systematic review aimed to summarise and meta-analyse the prevalence of multimorbidity in high, low- and middle-income countries (HICs and LMICs). Methods: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science and Cochrane Library). The term ‘multimorbidity’ and its various spellings were used, alongside ‘prevalence’ or ‘epidemiology’. Quality assessment employed the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Overall and stratified analyses according to multimorbidity operational definitions, HICs/LMICs status, gender and age were performed. A random-effects model for meta-analysis was used. Results: Seventy community-based studies (conducted in 18 HICs and 31 LMICs) were included in the final sample. Sample sizes ranged from 264 to 162,464. The overall pooled prevalence of multimorbidity was 33.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 30.0–36.3%). There was a considerable difference in the pooled estimates between HICs and LMICs, with prevalence being 37.9% (95% CI: 32.5–43.4%) and 29.7% (26.4–33.0%), respectively. Heterogeneity across studies was high for both overall and stratified analyses ( I 2 > 99%). A sensitivity analysis showed that none of the reviewed studies skewed the overall pooled estimates. Conclusion: A large proportion of the global population, especially those aged 65+, is affected by multimorbidity. To allow accurate estimations of disease burden, and effective disease management and resources distribution, a standardised operationalisation of multimorbidity is needed.

scholarly journals Effects of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and other Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programs of Low and Middle – Income Countries on Human Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11
Author(s):  
Ronald Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Despite the economic growth experienced by the Philippines in the recent years in terms of high GDP, poverty in the country still prevails. Prevalence of many poor families and individuals in the country prompted the Philippine government to implement the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (Bridging Program for the Filipino Family) also known as 4Ps, the country’s conditional cash transfer (CCT) program that aims to provide conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor. This paper aims to examine the effect of 4Ps on the country’s Human Development Index (HDI). It also seeks to find out if conditional cash transfer program provides significant effect on the HDIs of low and middle-income countries worldwide. The mean Human Development Index (HDI) of the Philippines before and throughout the implementation of 4Ps was compared. The difference between the HDIs of selected countries (low and middle-income) implementing and non-implementing the conditional cash transfer programs was determined. The findings of this study show that the Philippines has a significantly higher mean HDI during the implementation of 4Ps since 2008 to 2018 compared to its years when there was no 4Ps. The results further indicate that low and middle–income countries with CCT programs have significantly higher HDIs in comparison to their counterparts. A thorough evaluation of the CCT programs in terms of issues such as dependency and reviewing the conditionalities of the program to provide more significant and promising effect on HDI needs to be undertaken. Keywords: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), conditional cash transfer (CCT), Human Development Index (HDI)  

scholarly journals Comparative human development thresholds for absolute and relative pro-poor mobile banking in developing countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simplice A. Asongu ◽  
Jacinta C. Nwachukwu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Development Goals

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the correlations between mobile banking and inclusive development (poverty and inequality) in 93 developing countries for the year 2011. Design/methodology/approach Mobile banking entails the following: “mobile phones used to pay bills” and “mobile phones used to receive/send money”, while the modifying policy indicator includes the human development index (HDI). The data are decomposed into seven sub-panels based on two fundamental characteristics: regions (Latin America, Asia and the Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe, and Middle East and North Africa) and income levels (upper middle income, lower middle income and low income). Findings The results show that at certain thresholds of the HDI, mobile banking is positively linked to inclusive development. The following specific findings are established. First, the increased use of mobile phones to pay bills is negatively correlated with: poverty in lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), upper-middle-income countries (UMIC) and Latin American (LA) countries, respectively, at HDI thresholds of 0.725, 0.727 and 0.778 and inequality in UMIC and LA with HDI thresholds of, respectively, 0.646 and 0.761. Second, the increased use of mobile phones to send/receive money is negatively correlated with: poverty in LMIC, UMIC and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries with corresponding HDI thresholds of 0.631, 0.750 and 0.750 and inequality in UMIC, CEE and LA at HDI thresholds of 0.665, 0.736 and 0.726, respectively. Practical implications The findings are discussed in the light of current policy challenges in the transition from the UN’s Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. Originality/value The authors have exploited the only macroeconomic data on mobile banking currently available.

scholarly journals Human development and international migration: Lessons from low- and middle-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Leonie Decrinis
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Source Countries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low And Middle Income

This paper analyses the relationship between human development and migration. In particular, it tests whether migration, as a function of human development, follows an inverted U-shaped curve, known as mobility transition. Understanding this relationship is important since many Western politicians have implemented socioeconomic development strategies in migrant source countries with the aim to reduce migration. Considering that previous studies have mainly concentrated on the economic factors of development, this study introduces the broader human development index, determined by income, health and education, as the main explanatory variable. Analysing the rate of migration from 111 low- and middle-income countries into the aggregate of 15 OECD countries between 2000 and 2010, the study finds strong support for the inverted U-shaped relationship between human development and migration. This indicates that development strategies aimed at reducing migration are misguided

scholarly journals Inequalities in middle-income Europe and Central Asia: A tale of three studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-448
Author(s):  
Ben Slay ◽  
Tahmina Anvarova
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Data

This paper focuses on how questions of inequalities in middle-income countries in Europe and Central Asia are dealt with in three recent studies: the EBRD’s “Transition Report 2016–17”; the World Bank’s 2018 study “Toward a new social contract: Taking on distributional tensions in Europe and Central Asia”; and UNDP’s “Regional human development report 2016. Progress at risk: Inequalities and human development in Eastern Europe, Turkey, and Central Asia.” While the three studies differ in terms of objectives, conceptual frameworks, country coverage, data and indicators, and policy recommendations, they also share important commonalities — particularly in terms of creating “regional” inequality narratives for transition economies, reconciling official data with common perceptions of inequalities in the region; improving data quality, quantity and availability, and changes in tax and social policies.

scholarly journals Global, regional and national epidemiology and prevalence of child stunting, wasting and underweight in low- and middle-income countries, 2006–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Anna E. Ssentongo ◽  
Djibril M. Ba ◽  
Jessica E. Ericson ◽  
Muzi Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractIn 2016, undernutrition, as manifested in childhood stunting, wasting, and underweight were estimated to cause over 1.0 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost, and 3.8% of disability-adjusted life years globally. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) using the 2006–2018 cross-sectional nationally representative demographic and health surveys (DHS) data and to explore the sources of regional variations. Anthropometric measurements of children 0–59 months of age from DHS in 62 LMICs worldwide were used. Complete information was available for height-for-age (n = 624,734), weight-for-height (n = 625,230) and weight-for-age (n = 626,130). Random-effects models were fit to estimate the pooled prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight. Sources of heterogeneity in the prevalence estimates were explored through subgroup meta-analyses and meta-regression using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Human development index (a country-specific composite index based on life expectancy, literacy, access to education and per capita gross domestic product) and the United Nations region were explored as potential sources of variation in undernutrition. The overall prevalence was 29.1% (95% CI 26.7%, 31.6%) for stunting, 6.3% (95% CI 4.6%, 8.2%) for wasting, and 13.7% (95% CI 10.9%, 16.9%) for underweight. Subgroup analyses suggested that Western Africa, Southern Asia, and Southeastern Asia had a substantially higher estimated prevalence of undernutrition than global average estimates. In multivariable meta-regression, a combination of human development index and United Nations region (a proxy for geographical variation) explained 54%, 56%, and 66% of the variation in stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that regional, subregional, and country disparities in undernutrition remain, and the residual gaps to close towards achieving the second sustainable development goal—ending undernutrition by 2030.

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