Different effects of tibolone and continuous combined estrogen plus progestogen hormone therapy on sex hormone binding globulin and free testosterone levels – an association with mammographic density

Introduction: Obesity has been associated with increased risk of presenting hypogonadism. Free testosterone (FT) is the fraction of testosterone that carries out the biological function of testosterone, and is determined from total testosterone (TT) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels. We aimed to study the SHBG polymorphism rs1799941 in a cohort of young non-diabetic obese males to unravel the possible implication of this polymorphism in obesity-related hypogonadism. Methodology: 212 young (<45 years) non-diabetic obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) males participated in this study. Subjects were classified according to TT and FT levels in: Eugonadal (n = 55, TT > 3.5 ng/mL and FT ≥ 70 pg/mL; EuG), normal FT hypogonadism (n = 40, TT < 3.5 and FT ≥ 70 pg/mL; normal FT HG) and hypogonadism (n = 117, TT < 3.5 ng/mL and TL < 70 pg/mL; HG). The SHBG rs1799941 polymorphism (GG/GA/AA) was analyzed using the Taqman Open Array (Applied biosystem). Results: The rs1799941 frequencies were different among the groups. Higher proportion of the allele (A) was found in HG, compared to EuG and normal FT HG. Among the genotypes, the rare homozygous (AA) were found in the normal FT HG group and higher levels of serum SHBG and lower of FT were observed. The presence of the allele A was related (according to lineal regression models) to an increased of SHBG levels ((GA) β = 3.28; (AA) β = 12.45) and a decreased of FT levels ((GA) β = −9.19; (AA) β = −18.52). The presence of the allele (A) increased the risk of presenting HG compared to normal FT HG (OR = 2.54). Conclusions: The rs1799941 of the SHBG gene can partially determine the presence of obesity-related hypogonadism in young non-diabetic males and whether these subjects have normal FT HG.

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Sex hormone-binding globulin in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1515/hmbci.2010.008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ludmila Zamrazilová ◽

Marcela Dvořáková ◽

Lidka Lisá ◽

Luboslav Stárka ◽

Richard Hampl

Keyword(s):

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Treatment Effectiveness ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

17 Hydroxyprogesterone

Abstract: Sex hormone-binding globulin biosynthesis is influenced by three hormonal systems: gonadal, insular and thyroid. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is characterized by overproduction of adrenal androgens associated with impaired insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia and often also with hypothyroidism. Only scarce data are available concerning congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of sex hormone-binding globulin and free testosterone levels in these patients and to what extent these values correlate with actual 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione levels, which are commonly used for monitoring of treatment effectiveness.: A total of 300 retrospective laboratory records of 78 males and boys and 456 records of 162 girls and premenopausal women with diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia under common substitution treatment were evaluated statistically. The data were divided artificially into groups of low, normal and high levels, with respect to physiological concentrations for each sex and age. The percentages of the total in each group were calculated.: Whereas an almost Gaussian distribution occurred for males, the data for females displayed a considerable shift to low sex hormone-binding globulin and accordingly high free testosterone levels. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels did not correlate with 17-hydroxyprogesterone.: Low sex hormone-binding globulin levels in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, at least in females, reflect their involvement in insular and eventually thyroid axes, rather than the effectiveness of substitution.

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Association of Serum Testosterone and Luteinizing Hormone With Blood Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle‐Aged and Elderly Men

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.019559 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mengyuan Qu ◽

Chenzhao Feng ◽

Xiaotong Wang ◽

Yiqun Gu ◽

Xuejun Shang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Risk Marker ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Testosterone Levels

Background The age‐related decline in testosterone levels is thought to be of great importance for male aging and cardiovascular diseases. However, data are controversial on whether abnormal sex hormones are linked to the presence of cardiovascular diseases and it is also uncertain how blood pressure modifies the association between testosterone levels and major cardiovascular diseases. Methods and Results This is a multicenter, population‐based, cross‐sectional study of 6296 men conducted between 2013 and 2016. Basic information and clinical symptoms were obtained by questionnaires. Blood pressure and plasma levels of total testosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin, luteinizing hormone, and free testosterone were determined in men in a multistage random, cluster sampling in 6 provinces of China. There were 5786 Chinese men (mean [SD] age 55.0 [10.1] years) included after exclusion criteria were applied; 37.2% (2150) of them were diagnosed with hypertension. Total testosterone, free testosterone, and sex hormone–binding globulin were inversely associated with the prevalence of hypertension. Age >65 years or body mass index ≥24 negatively impacted the inverse correlation between testosterone levels and hypertension, whereas smoking and family history of hypertension strengthened the correlation. In participants with grade 2 hypertension, total testosterone was positively associated with the presence of stroke, and luteinizing hormone was also positively correlated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Conclusions Lower total testosterone could be a promising risk marker for prevalent hypertension. Both low and high levels of testosterone are associated with greater cardiovascular risk. Primary hypogonadism may be a risk marker for major cardiovascular diseases in men with severe hypertension.

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Insulin resistance and sex hormone-binding globulin are independently correlated with low free testosterone levels in obese males

Andrologia ◽

10.1111/and.13035 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (7) ◽

pp. e13035 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. Souteiro ◽

S. Belo ◽

S. C. Oliveira ◽

J. S. Neves ◽

D. Magalhães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Testosterone Levels

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REDUCED SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN AND DERIVED FREE TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH SEVERE ACNE

Clinical Endocrinology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2265.1981.tb02752.x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 87-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

DAPHNE M. LAWRENCE ◽

M. KATZ ◽

T. W. E. ROBINSON ◽

MAUREEN C. NEWMAN ◽

H. H. G. McGARRIGLE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Testosterone ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Severe Acne ◽

Testosterone Levels

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The relationships of sex hormone‐binding globulin, total testosterone, androstenedione and free testosterone with metabolic and reproductive features of polycystic ovary syndrome

Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism ◽

10.1002/edm2.267 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pomme I. H. G. Simons ◽

Olivier Valkenburg ◽

Judith A. P. Bons ◽

Coen D. A. Stehouwer ◽

Martijn C. G. J. Brouwers

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Ovary Syndrome

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Ramifications of variability in sex hormone-binding globulin measurement by different immunoassays on the calculation of free testosterone

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/0004563219888549 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 88-94

Author(s):

Joanne Adaway ◽

Brian Keevil ◽

Annmarie Miller ◽

Phillip J Monaghan ◽

Nicola Merrett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Testosterone ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Appropriate Treatment ◽

Result Interpretation ◽

Abbott Architect

Objective Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein which binds hormones such as testosterone. Around 97% of circulating testosterone is bound to SHBG or albumin and is therefore biologically unavailable; 2–3% of testosterone is free. Free testosterone is very technically challenging to quantify; in order to circumvent this problem, equations using testosterone and SHBG are used to estimate free testosterone. We decided to determine the effect of using different SHBG immunoassays on calculated free testosterone results. Design Anonymized surplus serum samples were analysed for SHBG on four different immunoassay platforms (Abbott Architect, Roche, Beckman and Siemens). The SHBG results were used to generate a Vermeulen calculated free testosterone. Results Beckman Access and Siemens Centaur both gave results close to the overall mean. Roche gave the highest SHBG concentrations with Abbott Architect producing the lowest results. Abbott Architect gave the highest calculated free testosterone results, followed by Beckman. Roche gave the lowest results. Sixty-five per cent of male samples had low calculated free testosterone and 27.5% of the females had high calculated free testosterone using the SHBG from the Abbott assay compared with 69% low male calculated free testosterone and 20% high female calculated free testosterone with the Roche assay. Conclusion Our results have shown significant differences in SHBG results produced by different analysers and subsequently the calculated free testosterone, which may affect result interpretation if method-specific reference ranges for calculated free testosterone are not used. Care should be taken to ensure reference ranges are appropriate for the analyser used to avoid misdiagnosis of hypo or hyperandrogenism, and ensure patients get the most appropriate treatment.

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Salivary Free Testosterone in Hirsutism

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456328902600611 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 522-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Joško Osredkar ◽

Ivan Vrhovec ◽

Niko Jesenovec ◽

Andreja Kocijančič ◽

Janez Preželj

Keyword(s):

Serum Testosterone ◽

Free Testosterone ◽

Human Saliva ◽

Sex Hormone ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Salivary Testosterone ◽

Diagnostic Use

A sensitive, specific and accurate direct radioimmunoassay of testosterone in human saliva is described. A single salivary testosterone result is shown to be of greater diagnostic use in hirsutism than any of the currently used serum androgen assays. Thus, of 50 hirsute patients, salivary testosterone (Sa-T) was elevated in 34 patients, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was decreased in 30 women, serum testosterone (S-T) elevated in 13, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) was elevated in 14, and androstenedione in three of the investigated group.

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