scholarly journals Marijuana matters: reviewing the impact of marijuana on cognition, brain structure and function, & exploring policy implications and barriers to research

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Sagar ◽  
Staci A. Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of Genome-Wide Supported Schizophrenia Risk Variants in the Neurogranin Gene on Brain Structure and Function

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e76815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Walton ◽  
Daniel Geisler ◽  
Johanna Hass ◽  
Jingyu Liu ◽  
Jessica Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Risk Variants ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

What is the impact of genome-wide supported risk variants for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder on brain structure and function? A systematic review

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2461-2480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gurung ◽  
D. P. Prata
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The powerful genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed common mutations that increase susceptibility for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), but the vast majority were not known to be functional or associated with these illnesses. To help fill this gap, their impact on human brain structure and function has been examined. We systematically discuss this output to facilitate its timely integration in the psychosis research field; and encourage reflection for future research. Irrespective of imaging modality, studies addressing the effect of SZ/BD GWAS risk genes (ANK3, CACNA1C, MHC, TCF4, NRGN, DGKH, PBRM1, NCANandZNF804A) were included. Most GWAS risk variations were reported to affect neuroimaging phenotypes implicated in SZ/BD: white-matter integrity (ANK3andZNF804A), volume (CACNA1CandZNF804A) and density (ZNF804A); grey-matter (CACNA1C, NRGN, TCF4andZNF804A) and ventricular (TCF4) volume; cortical folding (NCAN) and thickness (ZNF804A); regional activation during executive tasks (ANK3, CACNA1C, DGKH, NRGNandZNF804A) and functional connectivity during executive tasks (CACNA1CandZNF804A), facial affect recognition (CACNA1CandZNF804A) and theory-of-mind (ZNF804A); but inconsistencies and non-replications also exist. Further efforts such as standardizing reporting and exploring complementary designs, are warranted to test the reproducibility of these early findings.

The impact of bilingualism on brain structure and function in Huntington's disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Martínez-Horta ◽  
Andrea Moreu ◽  
Jesús Perez-Perez ◽  
Frederic Sampedro ◽  
Andrea Horta-Barba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The Impact of Physical Activity on Brain Structure and Function in Youth: A Systematic Review

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. e20184032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ruth Valkenborghs ◽  
Michael Noetel ◽  
Charles H. Hillman ◽  
Michael Nilsson ◽  
Jordan J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Marijuana on the Mind? The Impact of Marijuana on Cognition, Brain Structure, and Brain Function, and Related Public Policy Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staci A. Gruber ◽  
Kelly A. Sagar
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Impact

Although marijuana (MJ) has been used for thousands of years, the public’s opinion of MJ has shifted drastically over the past century, leaving many wondering about its potential risks and benefits. This article summarizes research detailing the impact of recreational MJ and related variables (frequency, magnitude, potency, and mode of MJ use) on cognition, brain structure, and brain function. MJ use, particularly at young ages, has been reported to undermine cognition, as well as alter brain structure and function. Furthermore, we discuss how data from recreational MJ studies, as well as more recent medical marijuana (MMJ) research findings, relate to legalization efforts. Considerations for policymakers, such as age limits, guidelines for safe use, and the therapeutic potential of certain constituents of MJ (i.e., cannabidiol), are also outlined. In recent years, policy has outpaced science; important areas in need of further research are noted.

The Gut Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay A. Euers ◽  
Eamon M. M. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

For some time, the concept of the gut-brain axis has served as a useful paradigm to explain the many interactions between the “big brain” (the central nervous system [CNS]) and the “little brain” (the enteric nervous system). Recently, the gut microbiome has been added to the equation and the proposition that gut microbes could influence brain structure and function and vice versa has emerged. Research in this field has been facilitated by dramatic progress in technologies that permit the delineation of the microbial constituents of the gut and their function in health and disease. Studies in a variety of animal models have amply supported the concept of a microbiota-gut-brain-axis and demonstrated that interventions that modulate the microbiome can influence animal behavior and CNS physiology. Understandably, studies of the impact of the microbiome on human brain structure and function are less numerous, but sufficient evidence does exist to indicate that this axis is operating in humans. In terms of neurodegenerative disorders, here again animal data dominate, but a sufficient body of evidence has accumulated to justify further explorations of the role of gut microbiota in Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in the aging process per se—“inflammaging.” Many confounding factors complicate the interpretation of human studies of the microbiome, and large, longitudinal studies that attempt to account for such confounders are needed. A number of interventions can be entertained—most notably, diet, probiotics, and prebiotics. To date, studies of any such interventions in neurodegenerative disease in humans are scanty.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging biomarkers of psychogenic erectile dysfunction: protocol for a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e030061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yin ◽  
Zhengjie Li ◽  
Jing Xiong ◽  
Lei Lan ◽  
Ruirui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionErectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common male sexual disorder that severely impacts the sexual performance and quality of life of men. As the main subtype of ED, psychogenic ED (pED) has been demonstrated to be a genitourinary disease and also associated with alterations in both brain structure and function. However, the scattered neuroimaging evidence from individual studies has not yet been integrated, and the central pathological alterations associated with pED remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review is to integrate and assess the evidence of the impact of pED on brain structure and function.Methods and analysisFive databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)) will be systematically searched from inception to 1 October 2019 (the anticipated completion date of this review), with language restricted to English and Chinese. Studies focusing on the structural or functional alterations in patients with pED will be retrieved. The study selection process will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline and quality assessment will be conducted with a customised checklist. After data extraction, a qualitative review will be performed to synthesise the structural and functional brain alterations as well as the correlations between the altered cerebral structures and functions and the clinical characteristics of patients with pED. If the collected data make it feasible, an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis will also be launched.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. This review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019117206.

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