scholarly journals Molecular Markers for Detecting a Wide Range of Trichoderma spp. that Might Potentially Cause Green Mold in Pleurotus eryngii

Mycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Song Hee Lee ◽  
Hwa Jin Jung ◽  
Seung-Beom Hong ◽  
Jong In Choi ◽  
Jae-San Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Pleurotus Eryngii ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Wide Range

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Biological Control Strains of Trichoderma harzianum and Other Biotypes of Trichoderma spp. Associated with Mushroom Green Mold

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Ospina-Giraldo ◽  
D. J. Royse ◽  
X. Chen ◽  
C. P. Romaine
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Transcriptional Unit ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Wide Range

A polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA containing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA transcriptional unit was sequenced for 81 isolates of Trichoderma spp. associated with mushroom culture or used for biological control of plant pathogens. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the biocontrol isolates were more closely related to an isolate of T. harzianum biotype 1 (Th1) than to the aggressive biotypes 2 and 4. Th1 has been isolated from mushroom compost but is not the cause of widespread green mold epidemics that have occurred during the last 12 years in Europe and North America. Three isolates of T. harzianum obtained from shiitake (Lentinula edodes; Shi1B and S3-96) and maitake (Grifola frondosa; Mai1) substrates were placed within the biocontrol group. We also found evidence suggesting that some isolates of T. harzianum originally identified as Th4 from Pennsylvania are more closely related to Th2 from Europe. Finally, considering the wide range in sequence distribution of our samples, we propose that the consensus sequence found in this investigation be used as the reference sequence for further studies involving the identification and taxonomy of T. harzianum.

Molecular markers and antioxidant activity in berry crops: Genetic diversity analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Debnath ◽  
Y. L. Siow ◽  
J. Petkau ◽  
D. An ◽  
N. V. Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Genetic Diversity Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Improvement Programs

Debnath, S. C., Siow, Y. L., Petkau, J., An, D. and Bykova, N. V. 2012. Molecular markers and antioxidant activity in berry crops: Genetic diversity analysis. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1121–1133. An improved understanding of important roles of dietary fruits in maintaining human health has led to a dramatic increase of global berry crop production. Berry fruits contain relatively high levels of vitamin C, cellulose and pectin, and produce anthocyanins, which have important therapeutic values, including antitumor, antiulcer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. There is a need to develop reliable methods to identify berry germplasm and assess genetic diversity/relatedness for dietary properties in berry genotypes for practical breeding purposes through genotype selection in a breeding program for cultivar development, and proprietary-rights protection. The introduction of molecular biology techniques, such as DNA-based markers, allows direct comparison of different genetic materials independent of environmental influences. Significant progress has been made in diversity analysis of wild cranberry, lowbush blueberry, lingonberry and cloudberry germplasm, and in strawberry and raspberry cultivars and advanced breeding lines developed in Canada. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers detected an adequate degree of polymorphism to differentiate among berry genotypes, making this technology valuable for cultivar identification and for the more efficient choice of parents in the current berry improvement programs. Although multiple factors affect antioxidant activity, a wide range of genetic diversity has been reported in wild and cultivated berry crops. Diversity analysis based on molecular markers did not agree with those from antioxidant activity. The paper also discusses the issues that still need to be addressed to utilize the full potential of molecular techniques including expressed sequence tag-polymerase chain reaction (EST-PCR) analysis to develop improved environment-friendly berry cultivars suited to the changing needs of growers and consumers.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Green Mold Foci in 30 Commercial Mushroom Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Royse ◽  
K. Boomer ◽  
Y. Du ◽  
M. Handcock ◽  
P. S. Coles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Nutrient Supplementation ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Surface Covering

Statistical analyses were performed on spatial distributions of mushroom green mold foci caused by Trichoderma spp. in 30 standard Pennsylvania doubles (743 m2 production surface) selected at random from over 900 total crops mapped. Mapped production houses were divided into four tiers of six beds each with 16 sections per bed (total = 384 sections per double). Each section contained approximately 2 m2. Green mold foci were mapped according to presence or absence in each section as they became visible during the course of the mushroom production. There was a trend toward higher disease incidence at the ends of the doubles, although this was not consistent from level to level. Spatial analysis revealed that green mold foci were more likely to occur in neighboring sections along the beds rather than above, below, or across from each other. Cultural practices that were associated with movement along the beds, i.e., nutrient supplementation, spawning, bed tamping, surface covering, etc., were considered the most likely factors influencing the incidence of green mold in spawned compost. Airborne contamination was considered a less likely source of inocula contributing to epidemic development. Sanitation practices that reduce spore loads along the beds are expected to provide the greatest degree of green mold control.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Identification of Biocontrol Isolates of Trichoderma spp

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1890-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Hermosa ◽  
I. Grondona ◽  
E. A. Iturriaga ◽  
J. M. Diaz-Minguez ◽  
C. Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Phoma Betae ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Type Strains

ABSTRACT The most common biological control agents (BCAs) of the genusTrichoderma have been reported to be strains ofTrichoderma virens, T. harzianum, and T. viride. Since Trichoderma BCAs use different mechanisms of biocontrol, it is very important to explore the synergistic effects expressed by different genotypes for their practical use in agriculture. Characterization of 16 biocontrol strains, previously identified as “Trichoderma harzianum” Rifai and one biocontrol strain recognized asT. viride, was carried out using several molecular techniques. A certain degree of polymorphism was detected in hybridizations using a probe of mitochondrial DNA. Sequencing of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) revealed three different ITS lengths and four different sequence types. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1 sequences, including type strains of different species, clustered the 17 biocontrol strains into four groups: T. harzianum-T. inhamatum complex, T. longibrachiatum, T. asperellum, and T. atroviride-T. koningii complex. ITS2 sequences were also useful for locating the biocontrol strains inT. atroviride within the complex T. atroviride-T. koningii. None of the biocontrol strains studied corresponded to biotypes Th2 or Th4 of T. harzianum, which cause mushroom green mold. Correlation between different genotypes and potential biocontrol activity was studied under dual culturing of 17 BCAs in the presence of the phytopathogenic fungi Phoma betae,Rosellinia necatrix, Botrytis cinerea, andFusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in three different media.

Diversity in Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm for morphology, yield and molecular markers and their correlations

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Takawale ◽  
S. S. Jade ◽  
R. A. Bahulikar ◽  
J. S. Desale
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Internodal Length ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Green Fodder

Lucerne is an important legume forage grown worldwide due to its high nutritive value, yield potential, quality and survival under highly contrasting environments. Estimation of genetic diversity in germplasm is an important criterion in breeding programme and is done based on phenotypic characters, biochemical and molecular markers. Thirty one accessions of Lucerne collected from Maharashtra and Gujarat were evaluated for morphological, yield characters, molecular markers and were compared with national check RL-88. The diversity analysis of morphological and yield characters indicated wide range of variation within the accessions. The accession RLG 08-1 recorded significant differences for plant height, number of tillers per plant, internodal length, green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yield (P 0.05) over RL-88. Green fodder yield was significantly correlated with plant height (0.72**), no. of tillers per plant (0.71**) and internodal length (0.71**). Dry matter yield was found significantly correlated with plant height, no. of tillers per plant, internodal length and crude protein yield (0.70**, 0.69**, 0.70** and 0.99**). Leaf stem ratio was not linearly correlated with green fodder, dry matter and crude protein yield. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the first two PCs contributed to 93.7% of total variance among the accessions. The accession RLG 08-1 was found superior among all the accessions. Thirteen Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) markers showed 82.8% polymorphism. The dendrogram revealed slight geographical structuring and RLG 08-1 was found genetically distinct from other accessions.Mantel correlation was not observed between morphological and yield characters as well as molecular markers.

scholarly journals Diversity and effect of Trichoderma spp. associated with green mold disease on Lentinula edodes in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gangzheng Wang ◽  
Xiantao Cao ◽  
Xiaolong Ma ◽  
Mengpei Guo ◽  
Changhao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Green Mold

Trichoderma spp. - The Cause of Green Mold on Polish Mushroom Farms

2008 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Szczech ◽  
Mirosława Staniaszek ◽  
Hanna Habdas ◽  
Zbigniew Uliński ◽  
Jan Szymański
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Pcr Multiplex ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Trichodermaspp. - The Cause of Green Mold on Polish Mushroom FarmsThe first reports concerning green mold on Polish mushroom farms are from 2002. In Europe and the United StatesTrichoderma harzianumwas initially described as a causative agent of the disease. However, soon two biotypes ofTrichoderma, Th2 in Europe and Th4 in America, were recognised as responsible for commercial losses and were designated as a new species namedT. aggressivum.Until now it has not been clear which species ofTrichodermaand which form of the species was a causative agent of the disease outbreak in Poland and what was the main source of infection. Therefore, studies were conducted on the composition of theTrichodermaspecies in Polish mushroom farms and in compost samples. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and microscopic studies. The classification of the strains recognised asT. aggressivumwas then confirmed by PCR methods. The aggressiveness ofTrichodermaspp., especiallyT. aggressivum, was estimated inin vitrostudies. The most frequently isolatedTrichodermaspp. were:T. harzianum, T. aggressivum, T. atrovirideandT. longibrachiatum.Using the technique of PCR, multiplex PCR and PCR-RAPD it was determined that 24 isolates from Polish mushroom farms belonged toT. aggressivumf.europeanum(Th2). However, a large variation between isolates indicated the possibility that Polish biotypes ofT. aggressivumwere different from those, which were found in western Europe. All isolates ofT. aggressivumwere highly pathogenic towardsAgaricus bisporus.

Ctenophthalmus baeticus boisseauorum (Beaucournu, 1968) and Ctenophthalmus apertus allani (Smit, 1955) (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) as synonymous taxa: morphometric, phylogenetic, and molecular characterization

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-676
Author(s):  
Antonio Zurita ◽  
Ángela María García-Sánchez ◽  
Cristina Cutillas
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Genotypic Variability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Morphological Differences

AbstractThe family Ctenophthalmidae (Order Siphonaptera) has been considered as a ‘catchall’ for a wide range of divergent taxa showing a paraphyletic origin. In turn, Ctenophthalmus sp. (Ctenophthalmidae) includes 300 valid described taxa. Within this genus, males are easily distinguishable basing on the size, shape, and chaetotaxy of their genitalia; however, females show slight morphological differences with each other. The main objective of this work was to carry out a comparative morphometric, phylogenetic, and molecular study of two different subspecies: Ctenophthalmus baeticus boisseauorum and Ctenophthalmus apertus allani in order to clarify and discuss its taxonomic status. From a morphological and biometrical point of view, we found clear differences between modified abdominal segments of males of both subspecies and slight differences in the margin of sternum VII of all female specimens which did not correspond with molecular and phylogenetic results based on four different molecular markers (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 and 2 of ribosomal DNA, and the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b of mitochondrial DNA). Thus, we observed a phenotypic plasticity between both subspecies, which did not correspond with a real genotypic variability nor different environmental or ecological conditions. Basing on these results, we could consider that there are no solid arguments to consider these two ‘morphosubspecies’ as two different taxa. We propose that C. b. boisseauorum should be considered as a junior synonym of C. a. allani.

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