How to Succeed in Science While Really, Really Trying: The Central European Savant of the Mid-Eighteenth CenturyAndré Holenstein, Hubert Steinke, and Martin Stuber, eds. Scholars in Action: The Practice of Knowledge and the Figure of the Savant in the 18th Century. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Pp. xxx+932. $318.00 (cloth).

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Eric Palmer
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Central European

Africans in World Wars I and II

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
African History ◽  
Central European ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Face ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
P Mobilization ◽  
Human Costs

World Wars I and II were very probably the most destructive conflicts in African history. In terms of the human costs—the numbers of people mobilized, the scale of violence and destruction experienced--as well as their enduring political and social impact, no other previous conflicts are comparable, particularly over such short periods as four and ten years, respectively. All told, about 4,500,000 African soldiers and military laborers were mobilized during these wars and about 2,000,000 likely died. Mobilization on this scale among African peasant societies was only sustainable because they were linked to the industrial economies of a handful of West Central European nation states at the core of the global commercial infrastructure, which invariably subordinated African interests to European imperial imperatives. Militarily, these were expressed in two ways: by the use of African soldiers and supporting military laborers to conquer or defend colonies on the continent, or by the export of African combat troops and laborers overseas—in numbers far exceeding comparable decades during the 18th-century peak of the transatlantic slave trade—to Europe and Asia to augment Allied armies there. The destructive consequences of these wars were distributed unevenly across the continent. In some areas of Africa, human losses and physical devastation frequently approximated or surpassed the worst suffering experienced in Europe itself; yet, in other areas of the continent, Africans remained virtually untouched by these wars. These conflicts contributed to an ever-growing assertiveness of African human rights in the face of European claims to racial supremacy that led after 1945 to the restoration of African sovereignty throughout most of the continent. On a personal level, however, most Africans received very little for their wartime sacrifices. Far more often, surviving veterans returned to their homes with an enhanced knowledge of the wider world, perhaps a modicum of newly acquired personal prestige within their respective societies, but little else.

Staging Proto-Zionism. Jewish Quarter of Zemun, Serbia: Historical Evidence, Structure, Meaning

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Čedomila Marinković
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Central European ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Architectural Development ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Zemun is an old Central European town on the right bank of the Danube River, today one of the boroughs of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. There has been a small Jewish community in Zemun dating back to the mid-18th century. Some of the Jews who lived in Zemun in the 19th century contributed to the emergence of Zionism. This paper presents new archival information about Zemun’s Jewish quarter including an analysis of the Zemun synagogue as well as various hermeneutic explanations of its urban and architectural development. Previous analyses of this area of Zemun have focused on external and morphological characteristics of its religious architecture but failed to explain its conceptual, historical, socio-political and religious context. This paper will cover these new elements as well as establish a basis for understanding this part of the old urban core of Zemun in relation to the significant personalities who lived there and the important ideas they developed.

scholarly journals Krkonoše jako ideální horská krajina na konci 18. a počátku 19. století

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Veronika Faktorová
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Central European ◽  
Mountain Landscape ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Aesthetic Concepts

At the end of the 18th century, the new idea of the mountain landscape as an ideal and beautiful landscape emerged in Central Europe. This cultural process was conditioned by the contemporary aesthetic concepts of the Sublime and the Picturesque, related to the development of a new cultural and social practice of education of the eye (described in the book of Peter De Bolla The Education of the Eye: Painting, Landscape, and Architecture in Eighteenth Century Britain, 2003). In a Central European context, the model of the mountain landscape was found in the Krkonoše mountain range, and travelogues, analysed in our case study, have contributed to its establishment.

scholarly journals THE UNKNOWN PROJECTS OF PIETRO ANTONIO TREZZINI. ON THE TYPOLOGY OF CENTRALLY PLANNED CHURCHES IN RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Georgy Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Baroque Architecture ◽  
Central European ◽  
New Type ◽  
Design Options ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In ◽  
European Architecture

The article deals with two unknown projects made by the Swiss-Italian architect Pietro Antonio Trezzini, who was active in Russiabetween 1726 and 1751. According to the Commission of the Senate,in 1747 Trezzini designed a five-domed cathedral in Stavropol, forwhich he provided two design options. One of these projects, whichwas approved by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, was realized between1750 and 1757. In both projects, Trezzini presented the cathedralas a monumental five-domed centrally planned church, which isan integral part of Trezzini’s designs. All but one of the Orthodoxchurches designed by the architect had five domes (we know of13 such designs, including all the alternative versions). AlthoughTrezzini was not a initiator of this new type of five-domed centrallyplanned church, his work displays the most mature and diversedevelopment of this approach in Russian Baroque architecture. The article describes the general features of Trezziniʼs churches andcertain individual ones as well.Trezzini’s projects for five-domed churches were directly relatedto the revival of a traditional type of Orthodox church proclaimedby the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. This idea was widely reflected inRussian church architecture of the time, but its concrete realisationwas rather varied. An attempt is made in article to characterise thissituation by briefly focusing on a comparison of Trezzini’s designsand the five-domed centrally planned churches designed by otherarchitects.The five-domed churches, which were revived in mid-18th centuryRussia and persistently promoted as a national and Orthodox solution,actually had nothing in common with local medieval tradition.Typologically, the five-domed Russian churches of the mid-18thcentury were rooted in European architecture, namely in ItalianRenaissance and Central European Baroque architecture. The mostimportant European sources of inspiration were probably St Peter’sCathedral in Rome (a project by Michelangelo), the Church of StCatherine in Stockholm and the Frauenkirche in Dresden, which theleading mid-18th century architects in Russia were undoubtedlyfamiliar with European, primarily Italian, churches with twosymmetrically placed towers on the western facade and a domeover the intersection, for example, Sant’Agnese in Agone in Rome,should also be taken into consideration.

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