scholarly journals Ethnomedicine of forest’s essential oils for respiratory and cardiovascular treatments in Northern Sumatra

2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012073
Author(s):  
A Aswandi ◽  
C R Kholibrina
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Litsea Cubeba ◽  
Traditional Remedies

Abstract The global pandemic Covid-19 has become a worldwide challenge. Many continuous efforts have been conducted to prevent and combat the diseases that attack human respiratory system. This situation encourages the exploration of potential herbal remedies involving essential oils from forest to boost human immune system. The objectives of study were to explore the traditional application of forest’s essential oils and to identify the phytochemical content of herbal medicines in respiratory and cardiovascular treatments in Northern Sumatra. In-depth interviews were conducted with 27 local people who applied essential oils in their traditional remedies in Karo and Toba, North Sumatra; and Singkil and South Aceh during 2020. The essential oils benefits in Covid-19 treatment were identified by inhaling application to seven positive suspects. The study also reviewed previous findings according the phytochemical content of forest essential oils identified. The study identified twelve forest’s essential oils applied in respiratory and cardiovascular treatments, including Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Dryobalanops aromatica, Eucalyptus sp., Litsea cubeba, Melaleuca cajuput, Myristica fragrans, Styrax sumatrana, Syzygium aromaticum, and. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. The oils were distilled from plant part such as flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, and barks or extracted from resin. Several phytochemicals with medicinal properties were identified including 1.8-cineole, apinene, camphene, eugenol, limonene, linalool, and p-cymene. In aromatherapeutic practices by both inhalation and massage, the phytochemical content gives relaxing effects and improve the respiratory and cardiovascular system. The results also show that inhaling the essential oils also helps Covid-19 patients relieve their breathing, therefore prospective for respiratory treatment. The high stress conditions faced by patients were also reduced by inhaling aromatherapy. The study re-discovered the essential oils benefits for various conditions such as headaches and hypertension, while having high potential as an expectorant and immune system booster.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Against Salmonella enterica Serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium Strains Isolated from Poultry

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Virginia Ebani ◽  
Simona Nardoni ◽  
Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽  
Giovanni Tosi ◽  
Paola Massi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Litsea Cubeba

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and S. enterica serotype Typhimurium are frequently present among poultry and are associated with outbreaks of human salmonellosis. The study investigated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) obtained from Aloysia triphylla, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cymbopogon citratus, Litsea cubeba, Mentha piperita, Syzygium aromaticum against S. Enteritidis and S. Thyphimurium strains previously isolated from poultry. A 1:1 mixture of C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum was also tested. The activity of all compounds was evaluated against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly used as probiotic. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for C. zeylanicum (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1.26 mg/mL to 0.63 mg/mL), S. aromaticum (MICs from 2.637 mg/mL to 0.164 mg/mL) and the mixture (MICs from 1.289 mg/mL to 0.322 mg/mL). No activity was recorded against S. cerevisiae. The results suggest a possible use of C. zeylanicum and S. aromaticum, alone or in combination, in the farm environment for disinfection and in poultry diet, combined with S. cerevisiae administration, for an integrated approach to avoid Salmonella intestinal colonization.

The essential oils of some medicinal plants on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ghasemi Pirbalouti ◽  
E Pirali ◽  
G Pishkar ◽  
S Mohammadali Jalali ◽  
M Reyesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

XMODULATION IN MICEAND MEN: IL-10 PRODUCING CELLS INBLOOD AND LYMPHOID TISSUE

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
L Barrett ◽  
M Grant ◽  
R Liwski ◽  
K West
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Healthy Humans

Background: The human immune system provides remarkable protection from a plethora of pathogens, but can cause damage when activated for a prolonged time (as inpersistent infections) or against self (autoimmunity). Therefore, mechanisms of immune system downregulation and control are imperative. There is little data on how the immune system is controlled in healthy individuals. We recently described a novel population of white blood cells that constitutively produce the immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Our objective was to further delineate the distribution of these cells in human and mouse models, as well as potential triggers for interleukin-10 production in vitro. Methods: Human and animal protocols were reviewed and approved by the institutional ethics board and animal care facilities, and informed consent was obtained from all human donors. The ex vivo percentage of peripheral blood CD36^+IL-10^+ mononuclear cells was assessed by intracellular flow cytometry in 10 healthy individuals. IL-10 production after exposure to twoCD36 ligands, thrombospondin and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) was measured at 8 hours. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenocytes from BL/6 (n=5) and Balb/c (n=1) micewere assessed for CD36^+IL-10^+ cells ex vivo as well. Results: The percentage of CD36^+IL-10^+ cells in peripheral blood fromhealthy individuals ranges between 0.1% and 0.9%. The percentage was similar in mouse peripheral blood, with a range of 0.4%-1.1%. These cells were also found in mouse spleen at a higher frequency than peripherally (1.1-1.5%). Human CD36^+IL-10^+ cells have more IL-10 when exposed to thrombospondin, oxLDL. Conclusions: Our novel population of IL-10 producing cells is found not only in healthy humans, but also in lymphoid tissue and blood from pathogen free mice. This highlights the evolutionary conservation of the cell across species, and suggests an important homeostatic function. The physiologic ligands for CD36 are ubiquitous in circulation, and ourin vitro data suggests a link between CD36 ligation and IL-10 production. IL-10 is a known immune system modulator, and its production by these cells may help maintain homeostaticcontrol of the immune system.

An Evidence-Based Review of Antitussive Herbs Containing Essential Oils in Traditional Persian Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayda Hosseinkhani ◽  
Bijan Ziaeian ◽  
Kamran Hessami ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Zarshenas ◽  
Ali Kashkooe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Persian Medicine ◽  
Troublesome Symptom ◽  
Traditional Persian Medicine

Background: Cough is one of the most common medical symptoms for which medical advice is sought. Although cough is a protective reflex responsible for clearing the airways from secretions and foreign bodies, it can be a troublesome symptom that causes discomfort to patients. Due to the increasing interest in herbal remedies in the both developed and developing countries, in the current study, we aimed to overview medicinal herbs containing essential oils used as antitussive agents according to the Traditional Persian Medicine [TPM] textbooks. We summarized the relevant scientific evidence on their possible pharmacological actions. Methods: To collect the evidence for treatment of cough or “seaal” [cough in ancient books] from TPM sources, five main medicinal Persian manuscripts were studied. The antitussive herbs were listed and their scientific names were identified and authenticated in accordance with botanical reference books. ScienceDirect and PubMed online databases were searched for related mechanisms of action of the reported medicinal plants. Results: The number of 49 herbs containing essential oils were recommended in TPM for the treatment of cough; 21 of them had at least one known mechanism of action for cough suppression in the scientific literature. According to this review, most of the cited medicinal plants were assessed for either nitric oxide inhibitory or antitussive/expectorant activities. Conclusion: In addition to advantageous effects of antitussive herbs noted by TPM, the present review highlighted some recent evidence-based data on these promising candidates that could be used as an outline for future research on their medicinal use.

scholarly journals Synthetic mycobacterial diacyl trehaloses reveal differential recognition by human T cell receptors and the C-type lectin Mincle

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine F. Reijneveld ◽  
Mira Holzheimer ◽  
David C. Young ◽  
Kattya Lopez ◽  
Sara Suliman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Human T Cells ◽  
Pure Compounds

AbstractThe cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is composed of diverse glycolipids which potentially interact with the human immune system. To overcome difficulties in obtaining pure compounds from bacterial extracts, we recently synthesized three forms of mycobacterial diacyltrehalose (DAT) that differ in their fatty acid composition, DAT1, DAT2, and DAT3. To study the potential recognition of DATs by human T cells, we treated the lipid-binding antigen presenting molecule CD1b with synthetic DATs and looked for T cells that bound the complex. DAT1- and DAT2-treated CD1b tetramers were recognized by T cells, but DAT3-treated CD1b tetramers were not. A T cell line derived using CD1b-DAT2 tetramers showed that there is no cross-reactivity between DATs in an IFN-γ release assay, suggesting that the chemical structure of the fatty acid at the 3-position determines recognition by T cells. In contrast with the lack of recognition of DAT3 by human T cells, DAT3, but not DAT1 or DAT2, activates Mincle. Thus, we show that the mycobacterial lipid DAT can be both an antigen for T cells and an agonist for the innate Mincle receptor, and that small chemical differences determine recognition by different parts of the immune system.

scholarly journals Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Oliviero Bruni ◽  
Luigi Ferini-Strambi ◽  
Elena Giacomoni ◽  
Paolo Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Alternative Medicines ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
The Brain

Sleep is an essential component of physical and emotional well-being, and lack, or disruption, of sleep due to insomnia is a highly prevalent problem. The interest in complementary and alternative medicines for treating or preventing insomnia has increased recently. Centuries-old herbal treatments, popular for their safety and effectiveness, include valerian, passionflower, lemon balm, lavender, and Californian poppy. These herbal medicines have been shown to reduce sleep latency and increase subjective and objective measures of sleep quality. Research into their molecular components revealed that their sedative and sleep-promoting properties rely on interactions with various neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a major role in controlling different vigilance states. GABA receptors are the targets of many pharmacological treatments for insomnia, such as benzodiazepines. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of studies assessing the mechanisms of action of various herbal medicines on different subtypes of GABA receptors in the context of sleep control. Currently available evidence suggests that herbal extracts may exert some of their hypnotic and anxiolytic activity through interacting with GABA receptors and modulating GABAergic signaling in the brain, but their mechanism of action in the treatment of insomnia is not completely understood.

Identification of cavitation in centrifugal pump by artificial immune network

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440892110284
Author(s):  
Seyed M Matloobi ◽  
Mohammad Riahi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Immune Network ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Artificial Immune Network ◽  
Damage Condition

Reducing the cost of unscheduled shutdowns and enhancing the reliability of production systems is an important goal for various industries; this could be achieved by condition monitoring and artificial intelligence. Cavitation is a common undesired phenomenon in centrifugal pumps, which causes damage and its detection in the preliminary stage is very important. In this paper, cavitation is identified by use of vibration and current signal and artificial immune network that is modeled on the base of the human immune system. For this purpose, first data collection were done by a laboratory setup in health and five stages damage condition; then various features in time, frequency, and time–frequency were extracted from vibration and current signals in addition to pressure and flow rate; next feature selection and dimensions reduction were done by artificial immune method to use for classification; finally, they were used by artificial immune network and some other methods to identify the system condition and classification. The results of this study showed that this method is more accurate in the detection of cavitation in the initial stage compared to methods such as non-linear supportive vector machine, multi-layer artificial neural network, K-means and fuzzy C-means with the same data. Also, selected features with artificial immune system were better than principal component analysis results.

scholarly journals Survey of ethnobotanical cocktails commonly used in the treatment of malaria in southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Omagha ◽  
Emmanuel Taiwo Idowu ◽  
Chibuisi Gideon Alimba ◽  
Adetoro Olubunmi Otubanjo ◽  
Adeniyi Kazeem Adeneye
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
South West ◽  
Pharmacological Screening ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Abstract Background Combination of different antimalarials has become the popular method of care for malaria morbidity in conventional and traditional treatment approaches due to the need to increase the efficacy and reduce the selection of drug resistance. A worrisome concern is the critical gaps with regards to the information available on antimalarial herbal cocktails. This study presents cocktail herbal remedies in ethnomedicinal approaches to malaria treatment in Oyo and Ogun states, South West Nigeria. Ethnobotanical information on indigenous antimalarials used in combination remedies was collected from herbal practitioners using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results Findings showed majority of respondents treat malaria with combination herbal remedies. They sighted their beliefs and customs, the efficacy, affordability and availability of these herbs as reasons for their adoption of herbal medicines as their preferred mode of treating malaria. Enquiry revealed 26 sets of cocktail antimalarials from a variety of plant species. The plants and ingredients are extracted and used as decoction, infusion or steam baths. Oral route was the most popular mode of administration. Respondents reported they drink one to two medium-sized cups of the recipe on an average of two times daily within a duration of about 10 days. Conclusions Herbal antimalarial remedies continue to be the popular treatments option in our localities. This study provides knowledge of the diverse ways respondents combine medicinal herbs and other local ingredients for malaria treatment. Pharmacological screening is urgently needed to validate their safety and efficacy in order to protect the health of our locals heavily relying on them to combat high burdens of malaria.

721 AT1412, a patient-derived CD9 antibody in preclinical development promoting tumor immune infiltration and inducing tumor rejection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A763-A763
Author(s):  
Remko Schotte ◽  
Julien Villaudy ◽  
Martijn Kedde ◽  
Wouter Pos ◽  
Daniel Go ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Preclinical Development ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
A375 Melanoma

BackgroundAdaptive immunity to cancer cells forms a crucial part of cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the importance of tumor B-cell signatures were shown to correlate with melanoma survival. We investigated whether tumor-targeting antibodies could be isolated from a patient that cured (now 13 years tumor-free) metastatic melanoma following adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous T cells.MethodsPatient‘s peripheral blood B cells were isolated and tested for the presence of tumor-reactive B cells using AIMM’s immmortalisation technology. Antibody AT1412 was identified by virtue of its differential binding to melanoma cells as compared to healthy melanocytes. AT1412 binds the tetraspanin CD9, a broadly expressed protein involved in multiple cellular activities in cancer and induces ADCC and ADCP by effector cells.ResultsSpontaneous immune rejection of tumors was observed in human immune system (HIS) mouse models implanted with CD9 genetically-disrupted A375 melanoma (A375-CD9KO) tumor cells, while A375wt cells were not cleared. Most notably, no tumor rejection of A375-CD9KO tumors was observed in NSG mice, indicating that blockade of CD9 makes tumor cells susceptible to immune rejection.CD9 has been described to regulate integrin signaling, e.g. LFA-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. AT1412 was shown to modulate CD9 function by enhancing adhesion and transmigration of T cells to endothelial (HUVEC) cells. AT1412 was most potently enhancing transendothelial T-cell migration, in contrast to a high affinity version of AT1412 or other high affinity anti-CD9 reference antibodies (e.g. ALB6). Enhanced immune cell infiltration is also observed in immunodeficient mice harbouring a human immune system (HIS). AT1412 strongly enhanced CD8 T-cell and macrophage infiltration resulting in tumor rejection (A375 melanoma). PD-1 checkpoint blockade is further sustaining this effect. In a second melanoma model carrying a PD-1 resistant and highly aggressive tumor (SK-MEL5) AT1412 together with nivolumab was inducing full tumor rejection, while either one of the antibodies alone did not.ConclusionsThe safety of AT1412 has been assessed in preclinical development and is well tolerated up to 10 mg/kg (highest dose tested) by non human primates. AT1412 demonstrated a half-life of 8.5 days, supporting 2–3 weekly administration in humans. Besides transient thrombocytopenia no other pathological deviations were observed. No effect on coagulation parameters, bruising or bleeding were observed macro- or microscopically. The thrombocytopenia is reversible, and its recovery accelerated in those animals developing anti-drug antibodies. First in Human clinical study is planned to start early 2021.Ethics ApprovalStudy protocols were approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center (Leiden, Netherlands).ConsentBlood was obtained after written informed consent by the patient.

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