scholarly journals Effectiveness of Sugary Drink Warnings: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1715-1715
Author(s):  
Anna Grummon ◽  
Hall Marissa
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Sugary Drink

Abstract Objectives Policymakers in five U.S. states have proposed sugary drink warnings. A growing number of experimental studies have examined sugary drink warnings’ impacts, but no research has synthesized this literature. To inform ongoing policy debates, this study aimed to identify, across the body of experimental studies, the effects of sugary drink warnings compared with control conditions. Methods In 2019, we systematically searched four databases using comprehensive search terms. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles. Two investigators independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-texts to identify peer-reviewed experiments that examined the effects of sugary drink warnings compared to a control condition. Two investigators independently extracted study characteristics and effect sizes from all relevant articles. We meta-analyzed any outcome assessed in at least two studies, combining effect sizes using random effects meta-analytic procedures. Results Twenty-three experiments with data on 16,241 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. Relative to control conditions, sugary drink warnings were more likely to be noticed (d with Hedges's correction = .83, 95% CI: .54, 1.12), caused stronger emotional reactions (d = .69, 95% CI: .25, 1.13) and elicited more thinking about health (d = .65, 95% CI: .29, 1.01). Sugary drink warnings also led to lower healthfulness perceptions (d = −.22, 95% CI: −.27, −.17) and stronger disease likelihood perceptions (d = .15, 95% CI: .06, .24). Moreover, sugary drink warnings reduced both hypothetical (d = −.32, 95% CI: −.44, −.21) and actual consumption and purchasing behavior (d = −.17, 95% CI: −.30, −.04). Significant effects were not observed for perceptions of added sugar (d = .25, 95% CI: −.05, .55) or positive sugary drink attitudes (d = −.54, 95% CI: −1.43, .35). Moderation analyses revealed that health warnings (e.g., “Beverages with added sugar contribute to obesity”) led to greater reductions in hypothetical SSB selection than did nutrient warnings (e.g., “High in sugar”, moderation P = .04). Conclusions Evidence from the experimental literature supports sugary drink warnings as a population-level strategy for changing behavior, as well as cognitions, emotions, perceptions, and intentions. Funding Sources Healthy Eating Research Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Are Challenge (Ropes) Courses an Effective Tool? A Meta-Analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lee Gillis ◽  
Elizabeth Speelman
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Team Building ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Ropes Course ◽  
Challenge Course ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Standardized Mean Difference ◽  
Ropes Courses ◽  
Difference Effect

This study reports the results of a meta-analysis of 44 studies that examined the impacts of participation in challenge (ropes) course activities. Overall, a medium standardized mean difference effect size was found (d = 0.43). Effect sizes were calculated for various study characteristics, including demographics and outcome. Higher effects were found for adult groups (d = 0.80) and for studies measuring family functioning (d = 0.67). Studies with therapeutic (d = 0.53) or developmental foci (d = 0.47) had higher effect sizes than those with educational foci (d = 0.17). Higher effect sizes for group effectiveness (d = 0.62) affirmed the use of challenge course experiences for team-building purposes. Implications for further research include the importance of recording detailed program design information, selecting appropriate instrumentation, and including follow-up data.

scholarly journals Is there sufficient evidence regarding signage-based stair use interventions? A sequential meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e012459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Bauman ◽  
Karen Milton ◽  
Maina Kariuki ◽  
Karla Fedel ◽  
Mary Lewicka
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Translation ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Stair Use

ObjectiveThe proliferation of studies using motivational signs to promote stair use continues unabated, with their oft-cited potential for increasing population-level physical activity participation. This study examined all stair use promotional signage studies since 1980, calculating pre-estimates and post-estimates of stair use. The aim of this project was to conduct a sequential meta-analysis to pool intervention effects, in order to determine when the evidence base was sufficient for population-wide dissemination.DesignUsing comparable data from 50 stair-promoting studies (57 unique estimates) we pooled data to assess the effect sizes of such interventions.ResultsAt baseline, median stair usage across interventions was 8.1%, with an absolute median increase of 2.2% in stair use following signage-based interventions. The overall pooled OR indicated that participants were 52% more likely to use stairs after exposure to promotional signs (adjusted OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.70). Incremental (sequential) meta-analyses using z-score methods identified that sufficient evidence for stair use interventions has existed since 2006, with recent studies providing no further evidence on the effect sizes of such interventions.ConclusionsThis analysis has important policy and practice implications. Researchers continue to publish stair use interventions without connection to policymakers' needs, and few stair use interventions are implemented at a population level. Researchers should move away from repeating short-term, small-scale, stair sign interventions, to investigating their scalability, adoption and fidelity. Only such research translation efforts will provide sufficient evidence of external validity to inform their scaling up to influence population physical activity.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Efficacy of Di’ao Xinxuekang Capsule and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Treating Angina Pectoris

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongliang Jia ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Choi-San Ng ◽  
Siu-Wai Leung
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Angina Pectoris ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Isosorbide Dinitrate ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Study Characteristics

Objective. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on di’ao xinxuekang capsule (XXK) in treating angina pectoris were published only in Chinese and have not been systematically reviewed particularly for comparing XXK with isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). This study aims to provide a comprehensive PRISMA compliant and internationally accessible systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacies of XXK and ISDN in treating angina pectoris.Methods. The RCTs published between 1989 and 2011 on XXK and ISDN in treating angina pectoris were selected according to specific criteria. Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the symptomatic (SYMPTOMS) and electrocardiographic (ECG) improvements after treatment. Odds ratios (OR) were used to measure effect sizes. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and metaregression were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the results.Results. Seven RCTs with 550 participants were eligible. Overall ORs for comparing XXK with ISDN were 4.11 (95% CI :  2.57, 6.55) in SYMPTOMS and 2.37 (95% CI : 1.46, 3.84) in ECG. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and metaregression found no significant dependence of overall ORs upon specific study characteristics.Conclusion. The meta-analysis of eligible but limited RCTs demonstrates that XXK seems to be more effective than ISDN in treating angina pectoris. Further RCTs of high quality are warranted to be conducted for update of the results of this meta-analysis.

scholarly journals The effect of mobile and information technologies on the language development design of preschool children: a meta-analysis and meta-synthesis study

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-523
Author(s):  
Duygu Mavi ◽  
Filiz Erbay
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Preschool Period ◽  
Supported Education ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to reveal the effect of mobile and information technologies (IT) supported education on the language development design of children, in different cultures in the preschool period, using the methods of meta-analysis and meta-synthesis. Fifteen (15) studies were examined in the meta-synthesis and 22 reviews in the meta-analysis. The studies reviewed in the meta-synthesis were subjected to content analysis, and codes were grouped under six themes. Taking into account the effect sizes reported in the experimental studies in the meta- analysis, the total effect size was calculated by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. The analysis revealed that mobile and IT supported education had a high positive effect on the language development of preschool children in different cultures.

scholarly journals 10 easy steps to conducting transparent, reproducible meta-analyses for infant researchers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Gasparini ◽  
Sho Tsuji ◽  
Christina Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Robust Methods ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Analytic Models

Meta-analyses provide researchers with an overview of the body of evidence in a topic, with quantified estimates of effect sizes and the role of moderators, and weighting studies according to their precision. We provide a guide for conducting a transparent and reproducible meta-analysis in the field of developmental psychology within the framework of the MetaLab platform, in 10 steps: 1) Choose a topic for your meta-analysis, 2) Formulate your research question and specify inclusion criteria, 3) Preregister and carefully document all stages of your meta-analysis, 4) Conduct the literature search, 5) Collect and screen records, 6) Extract data from eligible studies, 7) Read the data into analysis software and compute effect sizes, 8) Create meta-analytic models to assess the strength of the effect and investigate possible moderators, 9) Visualize your data, 10) Write up and promote your meta-analysis. Meta-analyses can inform future studies, through power calculations, by identifying robust methods and exposing research gaps. By adding a new meta-analysis to MetaLab, datasets across multiple topics of developmental psychology can be synthesized, and the dataset can be maintained as a living, community-augmented meta-analysis to which researchers add new data, allowing for a cumulative approach to evidence synthesis.

Unsuccessful Treatments of “Writer's Block”: A Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 276-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick C. McLean ◽  
Benjamin R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Writer's Block ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment ◽  
Group Treatments ◽  
Writer’S Block ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

A wide literature of the unsuccessful treatment of writer's block has emerged since the early 1970's. Findings within this literature seem to confer generalizability of this procedure; however, small sample sizes may limit this interpretation. This meta-analysis independently analyzed effect sizes for “self-treatments” and “group-treatments” using number of words in the body of the publication as indication of a failure to treat writer's block. Results of the reported findings suggest that group-treatments tend to be slightly more unsuccessful than self-treatments.

Narrative Versus Meta-Analytic Reviews of Race Differences in Motivation: A Comment on Cooper and Dorr

1995 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Graham
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Narrative Approach ◽  
Need For Achievement ◽  
Psychological Variable ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Score Method

Some of the benefits and shortcomings of a meta-analytic approach to reviewing race differences in need for achievement ( Cooper & Dorr, 1995 ) are examined and compared to the narrative approach that I adopted in a previous review on this topic ( Graham, 1994 ). Among the benefits of meta-analysis are the calculation of effect sizes for race differences (compared to the box score method of my narrative review) and the presentation of replicable and objective procedures for organizing, describing, and comparing study characteristics. Among the perceived limitations are the meta-analyst’s reluctance to distinguish between low- and high-quality studies and an overemphasis on quantitative comparisons of substantively disparate literatures. The implications for studying race as a psychological variable are also discussed.

scholarly journals A Meta-analysis of Employment Discrimination Against Muslims and Arabs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bartkoski ◽  
Ellen Herrmann ◽  
Chelsea Witt ◽  
Cort Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Work Setting ◽  
Employment Decisions ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Future Work

Muslim and Arab individuals are discriminated against in almost all domains. Recently, there hasbeen a focus on examining the treatment of these groups in the work setting. Despite the great number of primary studies examining this issue, there has not yet been a quantitative review of the research literature. To fill this gap, this meta-analysis examined the presence and magnitude of hiring discrimination against Muslim and Arab individuals. Using 46 independent effect sizes from 26 sources, we found evidence of discrimination against Muslim and Arab people in employment judgments, behaviors, and decisions across multiple countries. Moderator analyses revealed that discrimination is stronger in field settings, when actual employment decisions are made, and when experimental studies used “Arab” (vs. “Muslim”) targets. However, primary studies provide inconsistent and inaccurate distinctions between Arabs and Muslims, therefore future work should be cautious in categorizing the exact aspect of identity being studied.

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Studies of Inquiry-Based Science Teaching

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Marie Furtak ◽  
Tina Seidel ◽  
Heidi Iverson ◽  
Derek C. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Science Teaching ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Science Education Reform ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Meta Analyses

Although previous meta-analyses have indicated a connection between inquiry-based teaching and improved student learning, the type of instruction characterized as inquiry based has varied greatly, and few have focused on the extent to which activities are led by the teacher or student. This meta-analysis introduces a framework for inquiry-based teaching that distinguishes between cognitive features of the activity and degree of guidance given to students. This framework is used to code 37 experimental and quasi-experimental studies published between 1996 and 2006, a decade during which inquiry was the main focus of science education reform. The overall mean effect size is .50. Studies that contrasted epistemic activities or the combination of procedural, epistemic, and social activities had the highest mean effect sizes. Furthermore, studies involving teacher-led activities had mean effect sizes about .40 larger than those with student-led conditions. The importance of establishing the validity of the treatment construct in meta-analyses is also discussed.

scholarly journals The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance in Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1813-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Lee McNulty ◽  
Kirsty Jayne Elliott-Sale ◽  
Eimear Dolan ◽  
Paul Alan Swinton ◽  
Paul Ansdell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Early Follicular Phase

Abstract Background Concentrations of endogenous sex hormones fluctuate across the menstrual cycle (MC), which could have implications for exercise performance in women. At present, data are conflicting, with no consensus on whether exercise performance is affected by MC phase. Objective To determine the effects of the MC on exercise performance and provide evidence-based, practical, performance recommendations to eumenorrheic women. Methods This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four databases were searched for published experimental studies that investigated the effects of the MC on exercise performance, which included at least one outcome measure taken in two or more defined MC phases. All data were meta-analysed using multilevel models grounded in Bayesian principles. The initial meta-analysis pooled pairwise effect sizes comparing exercise performance during the early follicular phase with all other phases (late follicular, ovulation, early luteal, mid-luteal and late luteal) amalgamated. A more comprehensive analysis was then conducted, comparing exercise performance between all phases with direct and indirect pairwise effect sizes through a network meta-analysis. Results from the network meta-analysis were summarised by calculating the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking curve (SUCRA). Study quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black checklist and a strategy based on the recommendations of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. Results Of the 78 included studies, data from 51 studies were eligible for inclusion in the initial pairwise meta-analysis. The three-level hierarchical model indicated a trivial effect for both endurance- and strength-based outcomes, with reduced exercise performance observed in the early follicular phase of the MC, based on the median pooled effect size (ES0.5 = − 0.06 [95% credible interval (CrI): − 0.16 to 0.04]). Seventy-three studies had enough data to be included in the network meta-analysis. The largest effect was identified between the early follicular and the late follicular phases of the MC (ES0.5 = − 0.14 [95% CrI: − 0.26 to − 0.03]). The lowest SUCRA value, which represents the likelihood that exercise performance is poor, or among the poorest, relative to other MC phases, was obtained for the early follicular phase (30%), with values for all other phases ranging between 53 and 55%. The quality of evidence for this review was classified as “low” (42%). Conclusion The results from this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that exercise performance might be trivially reduced during the early follicular phase of the MC, compared to all other phases. Due to the trivial effect size, the large between-study variation and the number of poor-quality studies included in this review, general guidelines on exercise performance across the MC cannot be formed; rather, it is recommended that a personalised approach should be taken based on each individual's response to exercise performance across the MC.

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