scholarly journals Human Urine Certified Reference Material for Arsenic Speciation

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1781-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yoshinaga ◽  
Amit Chatterjee ◽  
Yasuyuki Shibata ◽  
Masatoshi Morita ◽  
John S Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Biological Monitoring ◽  
Certified Reference Material ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Arsenic Speciation ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Background: Chemical speciation analysis is essential for the biological monitoring of inorganic arsenic exposure using urine as indicator medium. There is increasing demand for a certified reference material (CRM) of urine matrix for arsenic speciation. Methods: Urine (10 L) was collected from non-occupationally exposed Japanese males. We prepared 954 bottles of urine, each containing ∼10 mL, after filtering and blending the urine stock. The urine in each bottle was freeze-dried. Between-bottle homogeneity was confirmed by measuring the concentrations of selected minor and trace elements in the material and subsequent statistical analysis. Certification was based on a collaborative analysis involving 15 laboratories. Results: Certified values were determined for arsenobetaine (0.069 ± 0.012 mg As/L), dimethylarsinic acid (0.036 ± 0.009 mg As/L), and total arsenic (0.134 ± 0.011 mg/L) as well as for total selenium (0.059 ± 0.005 mg/L) and zinc (0.62 ± 0.05 mg/L), based on the analytical values from the collaborating laboratories. Reference values are given for copper (0.010 mg/L) and lead (0.0011 mg/L), based on definitive analysis at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). Conclusions: The present CRM, NIES CRM No. 18 Human Urine, is the first human urine CRM for arsenic speciation and will be of value for analytical quality assurance of the biological monitoring of arsenic exposure.

scholarly journals Monitoring Arsenic Species Content in Seaweeds Produced off the Southern Coast of Korea and Its Risk Assessment

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Min-hyuk Kim ◽  
Junseob Kim ◽  
Chang-Hyun Noh ◽  
Seogyeong Choi ◽  
Yong-Sung Joo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Arsenic Speciation ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Seaweed Species

Seaweed, a popular seafood in South Korea, has abundant dietary fiber and minerals. The toxicity of arsenic compounds is known to be related to their chemical speciation, and inorganic arsenic (iAs) is more detrimental than other species. Due to the different toxicities of the various chemical forms, speciation analysis is important for evaluating arsenic exposure. In this study, total arsenic (tAs) and six arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine) were analyzed in 180 seaweed samples. Although there were differences between seaweed species, the concentration of tAs was detected at levels ranging from 1 to 100 µg/g, and the distribution of six arsenic species differed depending on the seaweed species. No correlation between the concentration of iAs and tAs was found in most seaweed species. Through statistical clustering, hijiki and gulfweed were seen to be the seaweeds with the highest ratios of iAs to tAs. Using the iAs concentration data from the arsenic speciation analysis, a risk assessment of seaweed intake in South Korea was conducted. The margin of exposure values showed no meaningful risk for the general population, but low levels of risk were identified for seaweed consumers, with high intakes of gulfweed and hijiki.

Speciation Analysis of Arsenic Compounds in Healthy Human Urine by HPLC-ICP-MS for the Evaluation of the Occupational Inorganic Arsenic Exposure

Epidemiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. S154-S155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Suzuki ◽  
Yasuyo Shimoda ◽  
Yoko Endo ◽  
Akihisa Hata ◽  
Kenzo Yamanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Arsenic Compounds ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Icp Ms

scholarly journals Sample Preparation and Storage Can Change Arsenic Speciation in Human Urine

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1988-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Feldmann ◽  
Vivian W-M Lai ◽  
William R Cullen ◽  
Mingsheng Ma ◽  
Xiufen Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Arsenic Speciation ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Monomethylarsonic Acid ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Background: Stability of chemical speciation during sample handling and storage is a prerequisite to obtaining reliable results of trace element speciation analysis. There is no comprehensive information on the stability of common arsenic species, such as inorganic arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and arsenobetaine, in human urine. Methods: We compared the effects of the following storage conditions on the stability of these arsenic species: temperature (25, 4, and −20 °C), storage time (1, 2, 4, and 8 months), and the use of additives (HCl, sodium azide, benzoic acid, benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, and cetylpyridinium chloride). HPLC with both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and hydride generation atomic fluorescence detection techniques were used for the speciation of arsenic. Results: We found that all five of the arsenic species were stable for up to 2 months when urine samples were stored at 4 and −20 °C without any additives. For longer period of storage (4 and 8 months), the stability of arsenic species was dependent on urine matrices. Whereas the arsenic speciation in some urine samples was stable for the entire 8 months at both 4 and −20 °C, other urine samples stored under identical conditions showed substantial changes in the concentration of As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid. The use of additives did not improve the stability of arsenic speciation in urine. The addition of 0.1 mol/L HCl (final concentration) to urine samples produced relative changes in inorganic As(III) and As(V) concentrations. Conclusions: Low temperature (4 and −20 °C) conditions are suitable for the storage of urine samples for up to 2 months. Untreated samples maintain their concentration of arsenic species, and additives have no particular benefit. Strong acidification is not appropriate for speciation analysis.

scholarly journals Groundwater Irrigation and Arsenic Speciation in Rice in Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Murphy ◽  
Kongkea Phan ◽  
Emmanuel Yumvihoze ◽  
Kim Irvine ◽  
Ken Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Speciation ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Total Arsenic ◽  
Groundwater Irrigation ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Rice Consumption

Background. Arsenic bioaccumulation in rice is a global concern affecting food security and public health. Objective. The present study examined arsenic species in rice in Cambodia to characterize health risks with rice consumption and to clarify uncertainties with Codex guidelines. Methods. The present study collected 61 well water samples, 105 rice samples, 70 soil samples, and conducted interviews with 44 families in Preak Russey near the Bassac River and Kandal Province along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Analyses of metals, total arsenic and arsenic species were conducted in laboratories in Canada, Cambodia and Singapore. Results. Unlike in Bangladesh, rice with the highest total arsenic concentrations in Cambodia contains mostly organic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), which is unregulated and much less toxic than inorganic arsenic. The present study found that storing surface runoff in ditches prior to irrigation can significantly reduce the arsenic concentration in rice. It is possible to remove > 95% of arsenic from groundwater prior to irrigation with natural reactions. Conclusions. The provision of high quality drinking water in 2015 to Preak Russey removed about 95% of the dietary inorganic arsenic exposure. The extremes in arsenic toxicity that are still obvious in these farmers should become less common. Rice from the site with the highest documented levels of arsenic in soils and water in Cambodia passes current Codex guidelines for arsenic. Informed Consent. Obtained Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals Global Sourcing of Low-Inorganic Arsenic Rice Grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manus Carey ◽  
Caroline Meharg ◽  
Paul Williams ◽  
Ernest Marwa ◽  
Xiao Jiujin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Arsenic Speciation ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
South American ◽  
Global Sourcing ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere

AbstractArsenic in rice grain is dominated by two species: the carcinogen inorganic arsenic (the sum of arsenate and arsenite) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Rice is the dominant source of inorganic arsenic into the human diet. As such, there is a need to identify sources of low-inorganic arsenic rice globally. Here we surveyed polished (white) rice across representative regions of rice production globally for arsenic speciation. In total 1180 samples were analysed from 29 distinct sampling zones, across 6 continents. For inorganic arsenic the global $$\tilde{x}$$ x ~ was 66 μg/kg, and for DMA this figure was 21 μg/kg. DMA was more variable, ranging from < 2 to 690 μg/kg, while inorganic arsenic ranged from < 2 to 399 μg/kg. It was found that inorganic arsenic dominated when grain sum of species was < 100 μg/kg, with DMA dominating at higher concentrations. There was considerable regional variance in grain arsenic speciation, particularly in DMA where temperate production regions had higher concentrations. Inorganic arsenic concentrations were relatively consistent across temperate, subtropical and northern hemisphere tropical regions. It was only in southern hemisphere tropical regions, in the eastern hemisphere that low-grain inorganic arsenic is found, namely East Africa ($$\tilde{x}$$ x ~  < 10 μg/kg) and the Southern Indonesian islands ($$\tilde{x}$$ x ~  < 20 μg/kg). Southern hemisphere South American rice was universally high in inorganic arsenic, the reason for which needs further exploration.

Contribution of organic arsenic species to total arsenic measurements using ferrihydrite-backed diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heléne Österlund ◽  
Mikko Faarinen ◽  
Johan Ingri ◽  
Douglas C. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Arsenic Speciation ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Organic Arsenic ◽  
Arsenic Determination ◽  
Diffusive Gradients

Environmental contextBoth the mobility and toxicity of arsenic in natural waters are related to the aqueous species distribution. Passive sampling using ferrihydrite-backed diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) devices has in previous studies been characterised to measure labile inorganic arsenic, and the possible contribution of organic species has been disregarded. This study shows that the two most prevalent organic arsenic species might be included in DGT measurements, which should be taken into consideration when evaluating DGT data in future studies. AbstractIn previous publications discussing arsenic determination using ferrihydrite-backed diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) devices, organic arsenic forms have been disregarded, even though it is known that the two most prevalent in natural waters, dimethylarsinate (DMA) and monomethylarsonate (MMA), may adsorb to ferrihydrite and thereby be included in the measurement. In this work the accumulation of DMA and MMA, as well as inorganic arsenite and arsenate, to ferrihydrite-backed DGT devices was investigated. It could be demonstrated that MMA, and under acidic conditions also DMA, adsorbed to the binding layer and might therefore contribute to the total mass of measured arsenic. Diffusion coefficients were measured for all four species to enable quantification of DGT-labile concentrations of organic and inorganic arsenic. Elution of the analytes from the ferrihydrite binding layer was performed using 1 mL of 1 M NaOH to facilitate arsenic speciation analysis using chromatographic separation. Average recovery rates were between 87 and 108 %. This study shows that the contribution of DMA and MMA to the total accumulated mass must be taken into consideration when evaluating DGT data in future studies.

scholarly journals Effect of arsenosugar ingestion on urinary arsenic speciation

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingsheng Ma ◽  
X Chris Le
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Speciation ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Standard Reference Materials ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Urinary Arsenic ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure

Abstract We developed and evaluated a method for the determination of μg/L concentrations of individual arsenic species in urine samples. We have mainly studied arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) because these are the most commonly used biomarkers of exposure by the general population to inorganic arsenic and because of concerns over these arsenic species on their toxicity and carcinogenicity. We have also detected five unidentified urinary arsenic species resulting from the metabolism of arsenosugars. We combined ion pair liquid chromatography with on-line hydride generation and subsequent atomic fluorescence detection (HPLC/HGAFS). Detection limits, determined as three times the standard deviation of the baseline noise, are 0.8, 1.2, 0.7, and 1.0 μ/L arsenic for arsenite, arsenate, MMAA, and DMAA, respectively. These correspond to 16, 24, 14, and 20 pg of arsenic, respectively, for a 20-μL sample injected for analysis. The excellent detection limit enabled us to determine trace concentrations of arsenic species in urine samples from healthy subjects who did not have excess exposure to arsenic. There was no need for any sample pretreatment step. We used Standard Reference Materials, containing both normal and increased concentrations of arsenic, to validate the method. Interlaboratory studies with independent techniques also confirmed the results obtained with the HPLC/HGAFS method. We demonstrated an application of the method to the determination of arsenic species in urine samples after the ingestion of seaweed by four volunteers. We observed substantial increases of DMAA concentrations in the samples collected from the volunteers after the consumption of seaweed. The increase of urinary DMAA concentration is due to the metabolism of arsenosugars that are present in the seaweed. Our results suggest that the commonly used biomarkers of exposure to inorganic arsenic, based on the measurement of arsenite, arsenate, MMAA, and DMAA, are not reliable when arsenosugars are ingested from the diet.

scholarly journals Arsenic Methyltransferase and Methylation of Inorganic Arsenic

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1351
Author(s):  
Nirmal K. Roy ◽  
Anthony Murphy ◽  
Max Costa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dimethylarsinic Acid ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Foot Disease

Arsenic occurs naturally in the environment, and exists predominantly as inorganic arsenite (As (III) and arsenate As (V)). Arsenic contamination of drinking water has long been recognized as a major global health concern. Arsenic exposure causes changes in skin color and lesions, and more severe health conditions such as black foot disease as well as various cancers originating in the lungs, skin, and bladder. In order to efficiently metabolize and excrete arsenic, it is methylated to monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acid. One single enzyme, arsenic methyltransferase (AS3MT) is responsible for generating both metabolites. AS3MT has been purified from several mammalian and nonmammalian species, and its mRNA sequences were determined from amino acid sequences. With the advent of genome technology, mRNA sequences of AS3MT have been predicted from many species throughout the animal kingdom. Horizontal gene transfer had been postulated for this gene through phylogenetic studies, which suggests the importance of this gene in appropriately handling arsenic exposures in various organisms. An altered ability to methylate arsenic is dependent on specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AS3MT. Reduced AS3MT activity resulting in poor metabolism of iAs has been shown to reduce expression of the tumor suppressor gene, p16, which is a potential pathway in arsenic carcinogenesis. Arsenic is also known to induce oxidative stress in cells. However, the presence of antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the promoter sequences of AS3MT in several species does not correlate with the ability to methylate arsenic. ARE elements are known to bind NRF2 and induce antioxidant enzymes to combat oxidative stress. NRF2 may be partly responsible for the biotransformation of iAs and the generation of methylated arsenic species via AS3MT. In this article, arsenic metabolism, excretion, and toxicity, a discussion of the AS3MT gene and its evolutionary history, and DNA methylation resulting from arsenic exposure have been reviewed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document