Investments in Unsettled Maritime Boundary Contexts: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties in Delivering Certainty

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-696
Author(s):  
Kathryn Khamsi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Bilateral Investment Treaties ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
Investment Treaties ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector ◽  
Inter State

Abstract Interest in offshore investment is growing: the oil and gas sector has been developing offshore reserves for some time; more recently, the renewable energy sector has also been investing offshore. In that context, this paper considers the legal uncertainties that overlapping sovereign claims in offshore areas create for investments. It then canvasses the commitments that States can accord to address these legal uncertainties, whether unilaterally or through inter-State authorities that jointly regulate areas subject to overlapping claims. This paper is then principally devoted to considering the role of bilateral investment treaties in enforcing such commitments, and otherwise addressing the legal uncertainties generated by overlapping maritime claims. By way of conclusion, this paper considers analogies to other situations where investments are subject to the sovereign rights of more than one State.

scholarly journals URGENSI PENGATURAN PENGEMBANGAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN SEBAGAI WUJUD MENDUKUNG KETAHANAN ENERGI NASIONAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Faisal Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
National Energy Security ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

Energy sovereignty in Indonesia is experiencing problems with a decline in national energy security. Indonesia's energy system is currently facing serious challenges. The imbalance in the condition of energy supplies with national energy needs, especially the oil and gas sector and efforts to fulfill national energy needs in a sustainable manner are the main problems of this nation in the energy sector. It is absolutely necessary to have strategic efforts in the field of creating new and renewable energy. Although the government has issued various policies to catch up, but to realize national energy security, it is necessary to urgently regulate the development of renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security. As for the formulation of the problems raised in this study are: support national energy security in Indonesia? 2) what is the urgency of regulating the development of renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security? This research will use normative juridical research and supported by empirical juridical research so that it will be able to see the conditions of developing renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security in Indonesia. To realize this, it is necessary to urgently regulate the development of renewable energy as a form of supporting national energy security.

scholarly journals Chinese and Indian FDI in Hungary and the role of Eastern Opening policy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Völgyi ◽  
Eszter Lukács
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Location Choice ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Automotive Sector ◽  
Supportive Services ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Strategic Cooperation

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to assess the main features of Chinese and Indian investments in Hungary and the role of the Hungarian Government’s Eastern Opening policy in the attraction of investments from these two Asian giants. This paper covers the sectoral distribution, modes of market entry, and motivations of Chinese and Indian foreign direct investments. The automotive sector is the most attractive sector for investors from both countries. ICT manufacturing (electronics) and services, and the renewable energy sector are also very attractive for Chinese companies. The same is true for IT/BPO services and the chemical sector in the case of Indian companies. Chinese and Indian companies enter the Hungarian economy mainly through green-field investments or acquisitions. Market-seeking and strategic asset-seeking motives are dominant in the case of investors from both countries. This paper also puts a special emphasis on studying the impacts of Hungary’s Eastern Opening policy (launched in 2012) on Chinese and Indian investments. The findings show that the Eastern Opening policy has had a significant impact on the investment decision (location choice) of new Chinese and Indian investors and further expansion of investments by Chinese and Indian companies located in Hungary due to four factors, namely high-ranking political meetings, strategic cooperation agreements, cash grants from the Hungarian Government and supportive services of HIPA.

Arbitration and Offshore Resources in Disputed Maritime Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 490-510
Author(s):  
Tibisay Morgandi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The State ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
Underlying Basis ◽  
International Tribunals ◽  
The Law ◽  
Maritime Boundary Delimitation ◽  
Observable Fact

This chapter studies the role of arbitration for offshore resources in disputed maritime areas. It is an observable fact that disputes over maritime boundaries are mostly caused by competing desires of states to exploit offshore natural resources, in particular oil and gas deposits. Indeed, it is well known that the law on maritime boundaries was developed precisely in order to allocate rights over offshore natural resources. However, it has also long been observed that the law on maritime boundary delimitation, as developed by international tribunals, ostensibly pays only scant regard to this underlying basis of the disputes at issue. Rather, the law purports to base itself on other principles. In particular, the unilateral activities of the parties are consistently rejected as being ‘relevant circumstances’ relevant to a boundary delimitation. However, if one looks at what tribunals do, instead of what they say they do, it seems that in fact the unilateral activities of the parties concerning the exploitation of offshore hydrocarbons play a rather larger role. Whenever tribunals have some discretion, they invariably choose a delimitation line that gives oil and gas deposits to those parties that have taken the initiative to drill them unilaterally, provided that this drilling has taken place at least within a plausible boundary of the state that issued the concession. Moreover, tribunals are extremely reluctant to draw boundaries over drilled deposits, thus avoiding making them shared as a result of the delimitation exercise.

Analysis of Developing of Renewable Energy Sector in Europe and 2020 Targets

2015 ◽  
Vol 798 ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
Shehret Tilvaldyev ◽  
Jorge Flores-Garay ◽  
Alfredo Villanueva Montellano ◽  
Delfino Cornejo Monroy ◽  
Alejandra Flores Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Nonrenewable Resources ◽  
Security Of Supply ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
Power Generators

Minerals, coal, oil and gas are all examples of nonrenewable resources and most of these pollute the environment when used. Most alternatives to fossil fuels use renewable resources (resources that can be replenished rapidly by nature), which are usually pollute the environment less. There are many forms of alternative fuels that are being utilized today: classic solar, nuclear, wind, hydro, geothermal and Tidal power generators. Many efforts have been madeto develop the ways how to generate power from reusable sources of energy, that have enabled significant progress made towards of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing security of supply and improving competitiveness.The analysis of developing of Renewable Energy sector in Europe (EU-28) since 1970 and 2020 targets presented.

scholarly journals Instruments for adjusting Algeria's fiscal policy to market economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Anna Vladimirovna Bobrova ◽  
Abderraouf Abassi
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Vertical Data ◽  
State Tax ◽  
Fiscal System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

The subject of this research is the fiscal system of Algeria, namely the principles and methods of formation of consolidated budget of the country and the role of tax revenue in development of market economy. The author describes the factors that influence the country’s fiscal system, as well as highlights the priority conditions for economic development of Algeria. The goal of this work consists in formulation of recommendations on improvement of the processes of budgeting and state tax planning in Algeria, as well as on overcoming the problems of a resource-oriented and state-regulated economy. The methodological framework contains the principles and methods of factor analysis that reveal the external and internal causes of establishment of the modern fiscal system in Algeria, mathematical methods of horizontal and vertical data analysis of consolidated budget; methods of induction and modeling in advancing proposals on the development of Algeria’s fiscal system. The novelty of this work lies in the suggestions on diversification of the economy by reducing the share of the oil and gas sector and sequestering budget deficit by reducing military spending, as well as shifting budget tax revenue towards direct taxes. The results of the research demonstrate the democratic model of fiscal system in Algeria, oriented towards market economy.

scholarly journals Foreign Investment in Canada's Oil and Gas Sector: New and Emerging Challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Angela Avery ◽  
Peter Glossop ◽  
Paula Olexiuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Current Regime ◽  
Foreign State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Resource Sector ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

Over the last few years significant investments in the Canadian resource sector have been made by foreign, state-owned investors. Recent developments in this area have raised concerns that Industry Canada is adopting a more restrictive approach with respect to state-owned enterprises. This article examines the history and evolution of Canada’s foreign investment regime against the current regime in place in the energy sector. The article then examines the practical and commercial effects of the recent developments and concludes by providing examples of how to navigate the emerging commercial and regulatory framework.

scholarly journals China’s quest for oil: Brazil-China relations in the oil sector (2000-2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Rafael Almeida Ferreira Abrão
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

The aim of this article is to examine the increasing relations between Brazil and China in the oil and gas sector. In a political and economic approach, the objective is to understand the development of relations between the two countries amid the rise of China as a major power and as the world's main energy consumption center, by identifying the growth of Chinese influence in the energy sector through trade, investment and finance.

scholarly journals EDITORIAL

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 02
Author(s):  
J. V. C. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Photovoltaic Performance ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
The Us ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Computer Processor ◽  
Oil And Gas Sector

Around the end of the twentieth century, nanotechnology appeared to be the new breakthrough, after the internet, for example. At that time, more efficient and affordable solar cells, green chemistry, quantum computing, lightweight composite aircraft, cell-size robots for medical applications were expected to be available soon. When the financial milestones did not become real, investors got disappointed and decided to rethink their plans. Yet today the perspectives are surprisingly upbeat. Currently, it is well known that restructuring matter at the nanoscale chemical and thermophysical properties change, so that systems that have no purpose at the macroscale, at the nanoscale become useful. In fact, several applications have already begun to appear such as in the oil and gas sector components, structured coatings, nanofluids, new cancer treatment drugs, and nanoviricides. Computer processor and memory manufacturers are already producing products with 32 nanometer components, so that the first commercial memristor (memory resistor) is expected to be launched at the end of 2013. In the renewable energy area, just to cite a few examples, low energy consumption nanostructured inexpensive LEDs are being developed to potentially last for years, carbon nanotubes have been used to drastically reduce precious materials content in proton-exchange fuel cell (PEMFC) electrodes and increase efficiency, and nanostructured thin films are being developed to boost photovoltaic performance and reduce costs, which demonstrated a 23.5 % efficient flexible solar panel operating a 2 MW pilot line at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the US. In comparison to market available 10 % efficient solar panels, this is a remarkable efficiency increase in capturing solar energy for practical use due to nanotechnology. This nanotechnological achievement challenges scientists to possibly change the currently fuel (fossil and bio) energy driven world into a solar energy driven one.

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