scholarly journals Variations in infant mortality rates among municipalities in the state of Ceara, Northeast Brazil: an ecological analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Terra de Souza ◽  
E. Cufino ◽  
K. E. Peterson ◽  
J. Gardner ◽  
M. I. Vasconcelos do Amaral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Ecological Analysis

scholarly journals Determinants of neonatal, postneonatal and maternal mortality on models of primary health

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Guerra ◽  
L M Guerra ◽  
L F Probst ◽  
B V Castro Gondinho ◽  
G M Bovi Ambrosano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Care Organization ◽  
São Paulo

Abstract Background The state of São Paulo recorded a significant reduction in infant mortality, but the desired reduction in maternal mortality was not achieved. Knowledge of the factors with impact on these indicators would be of help in formulating public policies. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relations between socioeconomic and demographic factors, health care model and both infant mortality and maternal mortality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods In this ecological study, data from national official open sources were used. Analyzed were 645 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. For each municipality, the infant mortality and maternal mortality rates were calculated for every 1000 live births, 2013. The association between these rates, socioeconomic variables, demographic models and the primary care organization model in the municipality were verified. We used the zero-inflated negative binomial model. Gross analysis was performed and then multiple regression models were estimated. For associations, we adopted “p” at 5%. Results The increase in the HDI of the city and proportion of Family Health Care Strategy implemented were significantly associated with the reduction in both infant mortality (neonatal + post-neonatal) and maternal mortality rates. In turn, the increase in birth and caesarean delivery rates were associated with the increase in infant and maternal mortality rates. Conclusions It was concluded that the Family Health Care Strategy model that contributed to the reduction in infant (neonatal + post-neonatal) and maternal mortality rates, and so did actors such as HDI and cesarean section. Thus, public health managers should prefer this model. Key messages Implementation of public policies with specific focus on attenuating these factors and making it possible to optimize resources, and not interrupting the FHS. Knowledge of the factors with impact on these indicators would be of help in formulating public policies.

scholarly journals Infant mortality trends in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1994-2004: a multilevel analysis of individual and community risk factors

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselaine Ruviaro Zanini ◽  
Anaelena Bragança de Moraes ◽  
Elsa Regina Justo Giugliani ◽  
João Riboldi
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Family Health Program

The aim of this study was to analyze the trend in infant mortality rates in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1994 to 2004, in a longitudinal ecological study, by means of panel data analysis and multilevel linear regression (two levels: microregion and time) to estimate factors associated with infant mortality. The infant mortality rate decreased from 19.2‰ (1994) to 13.7‰ (2004) live births, and the principal causes of death in the last five years were perinatal conditions (54.1%). Approximately 47% of the variation in mortality occurred in the microregions, and a 10% increase in coverage by the Family Health Program was associated with a 1‰ reduction in infant mortality. A 10% increase in the poverty rate was associated with a 2.1‰ increase in infant deaths. Infant mortality was positively associated with the proportion of low birthweight newborns and the number of hospital beds per thousand inhabitants and negatively associated with the cesarean rate and number of hospitals per 100 thousand inhabitants. The findings suggest that individual and community variables display significant effects on the reduction of infant mortality rates.

UNDERLYING AND PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF DIARRHOEA-SPECIFIC INFANT MORTALITY RATES AMONG MUNICIPALITIES IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, NORTH-EAST BRAZIL: AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA CRISTINA TERRA DE SOUZA ◽  
KAREN E. PETERSON ◽  
ENNIO CUFINO ◽  
MARIA INES VASCONCELOS DO AMARAL ◽  
JANE GARDNER
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Community Based ◽  
North East ◽  
Proximate Determinants

This ecological study examines the variations in diarrhoea-specific infant mortality rates among municipalities in the State of Ceará, north-east Brazil, using data from a community health workers’ programme. Diarrhoea is the main cause of postneonatal deaths in Ceará, and diarrhoea mortality rates vary substantially among municipalities, from 7 to 50 per thousand live births. To determine the inter-relationships between potential predictors of diarrhoea-specific infant mortality, eleven variables were classified into proximate determinants (i.e. adequate weight gain and exclusive breast-feeding in first 4 months) and underlying determinants (i.e. health services and socioeconomic variables). The health services variables included percentage with prenatal care up-to-date, participation in growth monitoring and immunization up-to-date, while the socioeconomic factors included female illiteracy rate, per capita gross municipality product and percentage of households with low income, percentage of households with inadequate water supply and inadequate sanitation, and urbanization. Using linear regression analysis variables were included from each group to build regression models. The significant determinants of variability in diarrhoea-specific infant mortality between municipalities were prevalence of infants exclusively breast-feeding, percentage of infants with adequate weight gain, percentage of pregnant women with prenatal care up-to-date, female illiteracy rate and inadequate water supply. These findings suggest that community-based promotion of exclusive breast-feeding in the first 4 months and care-giving behaviours that prevent weight faltering, including weaning practices and feeding during and following diarrhoea episodes, may further reduce municipality-level diarrhoea-specific mortality. Primary heath care strategies addressing these two proximate determinants provide only a partial solution to reducing diarrhoeal disease mortality. Improvements in municipal health services (prenatal care) and socioeconomic status variables, including water supply and maternal education, can also contribute to reduction of infant mortality due to diarrhoea. These results may be used by government health officials to set priorities by considering not only the strength of the association between selected risk factors and diarrhoea mortality rates, but also the prevalence of the risk factors being considered at the municipality level. Finally, the methods used are applicable to other settings with community-based primary health care decentralized to the state or municipal level.

SENSIBILITY AND GENEALOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FAMILY PORTRAIT: THE COLLECTION AT KEDLESTON HALL

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATE RETFORD
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
The Face ◽  
Male Line ◽  
Companionate Marriage

This article analyses Nathaniel Hone's portrait of Lord and Lady Scarsdale (1761) and the significance that such images have for our understanding of the eighteenth-century family. It first discusses the imagery of the painting and places it in the context of the shift that occurred in family portraiture between 1740 and 1760. Whilst earlier images presented stiffly posed figures, later portraits such as that by Hone came to focus on the sitters' affective relationships. The article argues that, whilst aesthetic influences played a part in this transition, it was chiefly prompted by the sentimentalization of familial ideals. Such ‘promenade portraits’ encapsulated the companionate marriage, hailed as a blend of masculine rationality and feminine tenderness. However, once contextualized within the state rooms for which it was conceived, the Hone portrait also reveals more ‘traditional’ concerns. It makes formal references to accompanying portraits of Stuart monarchs and dignitaries, emphasizing the tory affiliations of the Scarsdales and their loyalty to the Stuart dynasty. The state rooms also contain a portrait of Lord Scarsdale as a baby with his parents and his deceased elder brother. This image affirms the continuation of the male line in the face of high infant mortality rates, a statement that is confirmed in the Hone painting.

The Pattern of Association between U.S. Economic Indicators and Infant Mortality Rates at the State Level

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 1432-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Kershenbaum ◽  
Joshua Price ◽  
Nicholas N. Nagle ◽  
Paul Campbell Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
State Level ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Indicators

Infant Mortality Among Moderately Low Birth Weight Infants in Alabama, 1980 to 1983

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-289
Author(s):  
Christiane B. Hale ◽  
Charlotte M. Druschel
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Postneonatal Mortality ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Rural Part

A previous study of postneonatal deaths among normal birth weight infants in Alabama indicated that rural residence increased the risk of postneonatal death, the magnitude of the excess risk in the black population, and the risk of death from preventable causes. To determine whether this pattern persisted in a group presumably at higher than usual risk of infant death, patterns of mortality among infants weighing 1500 to 2499 g at birth and born in Alabama between 1980 and 1983 were examined by race, residence, and cause of death. Neonatal and infant mortality rates were higher for white infants; postneonatal mortality rates were higher for black infants. Neonatal mortality was highest for white infants from the rural part of the state; postneonatal mortality was highest for black infants from the rural part of the state. There was little variation in the proportion of preventable postneonatal deaths by race or residence (17.6% for all) but almost twice as many white deaths were not preventable as black ones (39.0 vs 21.9%). It is posited that rural residence may actually be a surrogate measure for lack of access to health services.

Infant mortality in England, 1538–2000: the parish register period, 1538–1837

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-204
Author(s):  
Chris Galley
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Parish Registers

This paper, the second of four, examines patterns and trends in infant mortality during the period 1538–1837 when the principal source available to examine these issues is parish registers. It explains how to calculate infant mortality rates from parish registers, identifies trends and discusses possible explanations for the patterns of change identified. The paper also shows how new estimates of infant mortality can be readily undertaken and ends with suggestions for future research.

The Joy of Statistics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Selvin
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Short Stories ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Heart Disease Risk

The Joy of Statistics consists of a series of 42 “short stories,” each illustrating how elementary statistical methods are applied to data to produce insight and solutions to the questions data are collected to answer. The text contains brief histories of the evolution of statistical methods and a number of brief biographies of the most famous statisticians of the 20th century. Also throughout are a few statistical jokes, puzzles, and traditional stories. The level of the Joy of Statistics is elementary and explores a variety of statistical applications using graphs and plots, along with detailed and intuitive descriptions and occasionally using a bit of 10th grade mathematics. Examples of a few of the topics are gambling games such as roulette, blackjack, and lotteries as well as more serious subjects such as comparison of black/white infant mortality rates, coronary heart disease risk, and ethnic differences in Hodgkin’s disease. The statistical description of these methods and topics are accompanied by easy to understand explanations labeled “how it works.”

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