204 Awardee Talk: Recent Advances in Protein Nutrition in Horses

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 109-109
Author(s):  
Kristine Urschel
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Active Research

Abstract Protein has been recognized as an essential nutrient for animals for well over 100 years. Protein plays many important structural and metabolic roles, and some of its component amino acids have additional functions, including as regulatory molecules, as energy substrates and in the synthesis of other non-protein molecules. Skeletal muscle makes up approximately 50% of body weight in horses, with protein being the major non-water component. As an athletic species, the development and maintenance of muscle mass is of the utmost importance in horses. Because muscle mass is largely determined by the balance of rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, understanding how these pathways are regulated and influenced by dietary protein and amino acid provision is essential. Historically, much research regarding protein nutrition in horses has focused on the protein digestibility of different feed ingredients, and the adequacy of different protein sources in supporting the growth and maintenance of horses. This presentation will focus on some of the current areas of active research relating to protein nutrition in horses: the activation of the signaling pathways that regulate muscle protein synthesis, amino acid supplementation in athletic horses, protein metabolism in aged and horses and those with insulin dysregulation, and amino acid and protein nutrition in predominantly forage-fed horses. There are many exciting opportunities for future research in the area of protein and amino acid nutrition in horses across the lifespan.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass, Basal Muscle Protein Synthesis, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Expression in Older Women

2009 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1630-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar L. Dillon ◽  
Melinda Sheffield-Moore ◽  
Douglas Paddon-Jones ◽  
Charles Gilkison ◽  
Arthur P. Sanford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Factor I

Dietary protein considerations for muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass preservation in older adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice T. Olaniyan ◽  
Fiona O’Halloran ◽  
Aoife L. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Anabolic Resistance

Abstract Amino acid bioavailability is critical for muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and preservation of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Ageing is associated with reduced responsiveness of MPS to essential amino acids (EAA). Further, the older adult population experiences anabolic resistance, leading to increased frailty, functional decline and depleted muscle mass preservation, which facilitates the need for increased protein intake to increase their SMM. This review focuses on the role of proteins in muscle mass preservation and examines the contribution of EAA and protein intake patterns to MPS. Leucine is the most widely studied amino acid for its role as a potent stimulator of MPS, though due to inadequate data little is yet known about the role of other EAA. Reaching a conclusion on the best pattern of protein intake has proven difficult due to conflicting studies. A mixture of animal and plant proteins can contribute to increased MPS and potentially attenuate muscle wasting conditions; however, there is limited research on the biological impact of protein blends in older adults. While there is some evidence to suggest that liquid protein foods with higher than the RDA of protein may be the best strategy for achieving high MPS rates in older adults, clinical trials are warranted to confirm an association between food form and SMM preservation. Further research is warranted before adequate recommendations and strategies for optimising SMM in the elderly population can be proposed.

Isoleucine increases muscle mass through promoting myogenesis and intramyocellular fat deposition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuge Liu ◽  
Yunmei Sun ◽  
Rui Zhao ◽  
Yingqian Wang ◽  
Wanrong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain

Isoleucine (Ile), as a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), has a vital role in regulating body weight and muscle protein synthesis.

scholarly journals Stimulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis by Prolonged Parenteral Infusion of Leucine Is Dependent on Amino Acid Availability in Neonatal Pigs

2009 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona A. Wilson ◽  
Agus Suryawan ◽  
Maria C. Gazzaneo ◽  
Renán A. Orellana ◽  
Hanh V. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Stimulation Of

An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. E122-E129 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Biolo ◽  
K. D. Tipton ◽  
S. Klein ◽  
R. R. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Protein Kinetics ◽  
Amino Acid Infusion

Six normal untrained men were studied during the intravenous infusion of a balanced amino acid mixture (approximately 0.15 g.kg-1.h-1 for 3 h) at rest and after a leg resistance exercise routine to test the influence of exercise on the regulation of muscle protein kinetics by hyperaminoacidemia. Leg muscle protein kinetics and transport of selected amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, and lysine) were isotopically determined using a model based on arteriovenous blood samples and muscle biopsy. The intravenous amino acid infusion resulted in comparable increases in arterial amino acid concentrations at rest and after exercise, whereas leg blood flow was 64 +/- 5% greater after exercise than at rest. During hyperaminoacidemia, the increases in amino acid transport above basal were 30-100% greater after exercise than at rest. Increases in muscle protein synthesis were also greater after exercise than at rest (291 +/- 42% vs. 141 +/- 45%). Muscle protein breakdown was not significantly affected by hyperminoacidemia either at rest or after exercise. We conclude that the stimulatory effect of exogenous amino acids on muscle protein synthesis is enhanced by prior exercise, perhaps in part because of enhanced blood flow. Our results imply that protein intake immediately after exercise may be more anabolic than when ingested at some later time.

Measurement of the Rate of Protein Synthesis in Muscle of Postabsorptive Young Men by Injection of a ‘Flooding Dose’ of [1-13C]leucine

1989 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Garlick ◽  
Jan Wernerman ◽  
Margaret A. McNurlan ◽  
Pia Essen ◽  
Gerald E. Lobley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Isotopic Enrichment ◽  
Plasma Leucine ◽  
Convenient Technique ◽  
Tissue Compartments ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

1. The ‘flooding dose’ technique for measuring the rate of protein synthesis in tissues in vivo involves the injection of a large amount of unlabelled amino acid together with the tracer to minimize differences in isotopic enrichment of the free amino acid in plasma and tissue compartments. This approach has been investigated in human muscle by taking biopsies from postabsorptive male volunteers given [1-13C]leucine. 2. Intravenous injection of 4 g of unlabelled leucine resulted in a rapid rise in free leucine concentration of seven- to eleven-fold in plasma and five-fold in muscle. Values were still elevated by two-fold after 2 h. 3. Five minutes after injection of [1-13C]leucine (0.05 g/kg) the isotopic enrichment of plasma leucine was 82% that of the injected material, falling to 44% at 120 min. The enrichment of free leucine in sequential muscle biopsies was close to that in plasma and almost identical to that for plasma α-ketoisocaproate. 4. The rate of protein synthesis was determined from the increase in leucine enrichment in protein of muscle biopsies taken before and 90 min after injection of [1-13C]leucine (0.05 g/kg; 19 or 39 atom% excess) and the average plasma α-ketoisocaproate enrichment over this period (taken to represent muscle free leucine). The mean rate of muscle protein synthesis in 10 subjects was 1.95 (sem 0.12)%/day. Rates of protein synthesis calculated from plasma leucine as precursor enrichment were only 5% lower than those calculated from plasma α-ketoisocaproate. 5. It is concluded that a ‘flooding dose’ of 13C-labelled amino acid is a useful and convenient technique for determining the rate of protein synthesis in tissues of human volunteers and patients.

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