scholarly journals Fecal Bacteria as an Addition to the Lineup of Objective Dietary Biomarkers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara L Frankenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Dietary Biomarkers

The Use of Biomarkers as Alternatives to Current Animal Tests on Food Chemicals

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-480
Author(s):  
Krys Bottrill
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Dietary Biomarkers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
The Three Rs

Recent developments in biomarkers relating to the interrelationship of diet, disease and health were surveyed. Most emphasis was placed on biomarkers of deleterious effects, since these are of greatest relevance to the subject of this review. The area of greatest activity was found to be that relating to biomarkers of mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This is also one of the major areas of concern in considerations of the beneficial and deleterious effects of dietary components, and also the area in which regulatory testing requires studies of the longest duration. A degree of progress has also been made in the identification and development of biomarkers relating to certain classes of target organ toxicity. Biomarkers for other types of toxicity, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, are less developed, and further investigation in these areas is required before a comprehensive biomarker strategy can be established. A criticism that recurs constantly in the biomarker literature is the lack of standardisation in the methods used, and the lack of reference standards for the purposes of validation and quality control. It is encouraging to note the growing acknowledgement of the need for validation of biomarkers and biomarker assays. Some validation studies have already been initiated. This review puts forward proposals for criteria to be used in biomarker validation. More discussion on this subject is required. It is concluded that the use of biomarkers can, in some cases, facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs with respect to the testing of food chemicals and studies on the effects of diet on health. The greatest potential is seen to be in the refinement of animal testing, in which biomarkers could serve as early and sensitive endpoints, in order to reduce the duration of the studies and also reduce the number of animals required. Biomarkers could also contribute to establishing a mechanistic basis for in vitro test systems and to facilitating their validation and acceptance. Finally, the increased information that could result from the incorporation of biomarker determinations into population studies could reduce the need for supplementary animal studies. This review makes a number of recommendations concerning the prioritisation of future activities on dietary biomarkers in relation to the Three Rs. It is emphasised, however, that further discussions will be required among toxicologists, epidemiologists and others researching the relationship between diet and health.

Fecal bacteria in the rivers of the Seine drainage network (France): Sources, fate and modelling

2007 ◽  
Vol 375 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 152-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Servais ◽  
Tamara Garcia-Armisen ◽  
Isabelle George ◽  
Gilles Billen
Keyword(s):  
Drainage Network ◽  
Fecal Bacteria

scholarly journals Dietary assessment methods in epidemiological research: current state of the art and future prospects

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Androniki Naska ◽  
Areti Lagiou ◽  
Pagona Lagiou
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Biomarkers ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Dietary Assessment Methods

Self-reported dietary intake is assessed by methods of real-time recording (food diaries and the duplicate portion method) and methods of recall (dietary histories, food frequency questionnaires, and 24-hour dietary recalls). Being less labor intensive, recall methods are more frequently employed in nutritional epidemiological investigations. However, sources of error, which include the participants’ inability to fully and accurately recall their intakes as well as limitations inherent in the food composition databases applied to convert the reported food consumption to energy and nutrient intakes, may limit the validity of the generated information. The use of dietary biomarkers is often recommended to overcome such errors and better capture intra-individual variability in intake; nevertheless, it has its own challenges. To address measurement error associated with dietary questionnaires, large epidemiological investigations often integrate sub-studies for the validation and calibration of the questionnaires and/or administer a combination of different assessment methods (e.g. administration of different questionnaires and assessment of biomarker levels). Recent advances in the omics field could enrich the list of reliable nutrition biomarkers, whereas new approaches employing web-based and smart phone applications could reduce respondent burden and, possibly, reporting bias. Novel technologies are increasingly integrated with traditional methods, but some sources of error still remain. In the analyses, food and nutrient intakes always need to be adjusted for total daily energy intake to account for errors related to reporting.

scholarly journals Effect of oral ofloxacin on fecal bacteria in human volunteers.

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Pecquet ◽  
A Andremont ◽  
C Tancrede
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Oral Ofloxacin

Microbial source tracking in a small southern California urban watershed indicates wild animals and growth as the source of fecal bacteria

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunny C. Jiang ◽  
Weiping Chu ◽  
Betty H. Olson ◽  
Jian-Wen He ◽  
Samuel Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Urban Watershed

scholarly journals Shifts in clostridia, bacteroides and immunoglobulin-coating fecal bacteria associated with weight loss in obese adolescents

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 758-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Nadal ◽  
A Santacruz ◽  
A Marcos ◽  
J Warnberg ◽  
M Garagorri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Obese Adolescents
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