Vitamin D Intake from Supplemental Sources but Not from Food Sources Has Increased in the Canadian Population Over Time

ABSTRACT Background Evidence is lacking to determine whether there have been any changes in dietary or total usual intakes of vitamin D among Canadians, in the light of recent evidence of beneficial health effects beyond bone. Objective We aimed to examine trends in dietary and total usual intake of vitamin D among Canadians aged ≥1 y. Methods This study used nationally representative nutrition data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 2.2 (CCHS 2004) and CCHS Nutrition in 2015. Dietary intake data were collected with use of two 24-h dietary recalls and dietary supplement use was determined by questionnaire. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake of vitamin D as well as the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among Canadians aged ≥1 y. Results From 2004 to 2015, the usual intake of vitamin D from food significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by 1 μg/d only in vitamin D supplement nonusers. The contribution of Milk and Alternatives food group (i.e., fluid milk, fortified soy beverages, powdered milk, and other milk alternatives) to dietary vitamin D intake significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both supplement users (by 7.1%) and nonusers (by 5.8%). Prevalence of vitamin D supplement use and percentage contribution of vitamin D from supplemental sources significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 5.0% and 14.9%, respectively, from 2004 to 2015. Total usual intake of vitamin D (food + supplement) significantly increased (P < 0.05) from 15.1 ± 0.3 μg/d in 2004 to 31.5 ± 1.8 μg/d in 2015 in vitamin D supplement users. In contrast to vitamin D supplement nonusers, the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy significantly decreased (P < 0.05) from 20.6% to 14.1% among users of vitamin D supplements. Conclusions The prevalence of vitamin D supplement use and the percentage contribution of vitamin D from supplemental sources has increased in the Canadian population over an 11-y period.

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Dietary vitamin D intake and food sources of US and Canadian population

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.537.2 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Satya S Jonnalagadda ◽

Ann M. Albertson ◽

Nandan Joshi ◽

Kathy Moore ◽

Bhavna Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Food Sources ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

Canadian Population ◽

Dietary Vitamin D

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Calcium Intake from Food and Supplemental Sources Decreased in the Canadian Population from 2004 to 2015

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxz318 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 150 (4) ◽

pp. 833-841 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hassan Vatanparast ◽

Naorin Islam ◽

Rashmi Prakash Patil ◽

Mojtaba Shafiee ◽

Susan J Whiting

Keyword(s):

Calcium Intake ◽

Food Group ◽

Calcium Supplement ◽

Food Sources ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Canadian Population ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Usual Intake ◽

Nationally Representative

ABSTRACT Background In light of the publications (2008–2014) linking calcium intake, mainly from supplements, to the elevated risk of cardiovascular events, there is a need to determine if there have been any changes in usual intakes of calcium among Canadians. Objective We aimed to examine changes in dietary and total usual intake of calcium among Canadians aged ≥1 y over the period 2004–2015. Methods We used nutrition data from 2 nationally representative surveys conducted in 2004 and 2015 (CCHS 2004 Cycle 2.2 and CCHS-Nutrition 2015). This study included all the Canadians across 10 provinces, and the analyses were performed across different age/sex groups. We used the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to estimate the usual intake of calcium and the prevalence of calcium inadequacy. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the relation between supplement uses and sociodemographic variables. Results From 2004 to 2015, the usual intake of calcium from food sources significantly decreased in calcium supplement nonusers (from 872 ± 18.2 mg/d to 754 ± 18.0 mg/d), but not in calcium supplement users. The contribution of calcium from the Milk and alternatives food group significantly decreased by 7.5% and 6.1% in calcium supplement users and nonusers, respectively. The prevalence of calcium supplement use significantly decreased from 2004 to 2015 in the Canadian population, from 27.5% to 22.0%. During this time, the percentage contribution of calcium from supplemental sources significantly decreased among Canadians, especially women. The prevalence of calcium inadequacy increased from 58.0% to 68.0% in supplement nonusers; however, among users of calcium supplements, the prevalence of calcium inadequacy remained at ∼31%. Conclusions Calcium intake from both food and supplemental sources decreased in the Canadian population over an 11-y period, which must be addressed by policy-makers in their efforts to decrease the high prevalence of calcium inadequacy.

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Vitamin D Intake among Premenopausal Women Living in Jeddah: Food Sources and Relationship to Demographic Factors and Bone Health

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2018/8570986 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tahani A. Zareef ◽

Robert T. Jackson ◽

Abdulkareem A. Alkahtani

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Food Sources ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Saudi Women ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

Femur Neck ◽

Dietary Vitamin D

Background. Saudi women depend on food sources to maintain their serum 25(OH) D concentrations because covering by traditional clothing and time spent indoors limit their sun exposure. Little is known about vitamin D intake and its main food sources in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the association between vitamin D and calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in young women is not well researched.Objectives. To assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake among Saudi women as compared to the estimated average requirements (EARs), to identify dietary vitamin D sources, to examine potential determinants of vitamin D intake, and to assess bone health and the association of calcium and vitamin D intake with BMD.Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 257 premenopausal women aged 20–50 years in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Dietary vitamin D and calcium were assessed by the Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a subset of womenn=102at the lumbar spine and femur neck.Results. Sixty-five percent of women were below the EAR for vitamin D, and 61% fell below the EAR for calcium. Dairy products, supplements, and fish contributed most to vitamin D intake. Increased age was an independent determinant of sufficient vitamin D intakep<0.001. The prevalence of osteopenia was 33% in the lumbar spine and 30% in the femur neck. There was a significant positive association between calcium intake and BMD at the lumbar spinep=0.043after controlling for body mass index and energy intake. Vitamin D intake was not significantly different between women with low and normal bone mass.Conclusion. Premenopausal women in Jeddah have insufficient vitamin D and calcium intakes. Public health strategies to improve nutrition in young women are needed, and expanding fortification programs to include all dairy products would be useful.

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Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women

10.1101/616805 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Fui Chee Woon ◽

Yit Siew Chin ◽

Intan Hakimah Ismail ◽

Marijka Batterham ◽

Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Food Sources ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

Vitamin D Levels

AbstractBackgroundDespite perennial sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysian especially pregnant women.ObjectiveTo determine the vitamin D status and its associated factors among third trimester pregnant women attending government health clinics in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.MethodsInformation on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrical history, vitamin D intake, supplement use, and sun exposure were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was measured and classified as deficient (< 30 nmol/L), insufficient (30-50 nmol/L), and sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L).ResultsOf the 535 pregnant women recruited, 42.6% were vitamin D deficient. They consumed an average of 8.7 ± 6.7 μg of vitamin D daily. A total of 80.4% of the vitamin D were obtained from the food sources, while 19.6% were from dietary supplements. Fish and fish products showed the highest contribution to vitamin D intake (35.8%). The multivariate generalized linear mixed models, with clinic as a random effect, indicates that higher intake of vitamin D is associated with lower risk of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93-0.99). Non-Malay pregnant women had lower odds of having vitamin D deficiency (OR = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.04-0.37) compared to Malays. No associations were found between age, educational level, monthly household income, work status, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, total hours of sun exposure, total percentage of body surface area, and sun exposure index per day with vitamin D deficiency.ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysian pregnant women. Considering the possible adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, antenatal screening of vitamin D levels and nutrition education should be emphasised by taking into consideration ethnic differences.

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Supplement Use and Dietary Sources of Folate, Vitamin D, and n-3 Fatty Acids during Preconception: The GLIMP2 Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10080962 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 962 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Moniek Looman ◽

Claudia van den Berg ◽

Anouk Geelen ◽

Rahul Samlal ◽

Rik Heijligenberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Folate Intake ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Dietary Folate ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

Dietary Vitamin D

An adequate nutritional status during the preconception period is important, particularly for folate, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids (i.e., EPA+DHA). We aimed to determine supplement intake and the main dietary sources of folate, vitamin D, and EPA+DHA using the data of 66 Dutch women aged 18–40 years who wished to become pregnant. Additionally, associations of these intakes with their blood levels were examined. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire, and supplement use with a structured questionnaire. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were determined in serum and folate and phospholipid EPA+DHA levels in plasma. Partial Spearman’s correlations, restricted cubic splines and trend analyses over tertiles of nutrient intakes were performed to examine intake-status associations. A large proportion of women did not meet the Dutch recommended intakes of folate (50%), vitamin D (67%), and EPA+DHA (52%). Vegetables were the main contributor to dietary folate intake (25%), oils and fats to dietary vitamin D intake (39%), and fish to dietary EPA+DHA intake (69%). Fourteen percent of the women had an inadequate folate status and 23% an inadequate vitamin D status. Supplemental folate intake, supplemental and dietary vitamin D intake and dietary EPA+DHA intake were significantly associated with their blood levels. In conclusion, even in our highly educated population, a large proportion did not achieve recommended folate, vitamin D and n-3 fatty acid intakes. Promotion of folate and vitamin D supplement use and fish consumption is needed to improve intakes and blood levels of these nutrients in women who wish to become pregnant.

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Vitamin D intakes of adults differ by income, gender and race/ethnicity in the USA, 2007 to 2010

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980013002929 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 756-763 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Carolyn E Moore ◽

John D Radcliffe ◽

Yan Liu

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

High Income ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Total Vitamin ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

The Usa ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if dietary, supplemental and total vitamin D intakes in the USA are influenced by income, race/ethnicity or gender.DesignCross-sectional. US vitamin D intakes were estimated by poverty income ratio (PIR), race/ethnicity and gender using 24 h dietary intake recalls and dietary supplement use questionnaires. Statistical analyses of weighted data were performed using SAS (version 9·2) to estimate means and their standard errors. Race and ethnic intake differences controlling for PIR, gender and age were assessed by ANCOVA.SubjectsAdults aged ≥19 years.SettingThe 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA.ResultsTotal (dietary and supplement) vitamin D intake was greater in the high (10·0 (se 0·30) μg/d) v. the medium (7·9 (se 0·3) μg/d) or the low (8·0 (se 0·3) μg/d) PIR categories. Total vitamin D intake of non-Hispanic Whites (10·6 (se 0·4) μg/d) was greater than that of Hispanics (8·1 (se 0·3) μg/d) and non-Hispanic Blacks (7·1 (se 0·3) μg/d). Supplemental vitamin D intake was greater by females (5·3 (se 0·2) μg/d) than by males (3·3 (se 0·2) μg/d). Participants with high income were more likely to be vitamin D supplement users (33·0 %) than those with medium (22·5 %) or low (17·6 %) income. High-income non-Hispanic Whites had the lowest percentage (57 %) not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin D. Fortified milk and milk products provided 43·7 % of the dietary vitamin D intake.ConclusionsPublic health efforts should expand the number of vitamin D-fortified foods and encourage the consumption of foods high in vitamin D and use of supplements.

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Relationship between dietary vitamin D and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Portuguese adolescents

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980017002804 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 325-332

Author(s):

Maria Cabral ◽

Joana Araújo ◽

Carla Lopes ◽

Henrique Barros ◽

João Tiago Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Food Sources ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

Significant Difference ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Dietary Vitamin D ◽

Portuguese Adolescents

AbstractObjectiveTo understand the relationship between vitamin D intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in a sample of Portuguese adolescents.DesignCross-sectional evaluation carried out in the 2003/2004 school year. Vitamin D intake was assessed by an FFQ and 25(OH)D was measured in a fasting blood sample.SettingPublic and private schools in Porto, Portugal.SubjectsAdolescents aged 13 years (n 521) enrolled at school (EPITeen cohort).ResultsBoth mean (sd) intake and serum 25(OH)D level were far below the recommended, 4·47 (2·49) µg/d and 16·5 (5·7) ng/ml, respectively. A significant difference in serum level was found according to season, with lower values in winter than summer (14·8 (4·6) v. 17·3 (5·9) ng/ml, P<0·001). Vitamin D intake was weakly correlated with serum 25(OH)D (r=0·056, P=0·203).ConclusionsDietary vitamin D and serum 25(OH)D levels were positively but weakly correlated and the error was higher among those with higher serum 25(OH)D concentration. Our results support the need for strategies that promote increase of the most important food sources of vitamin D to reduce the high prevalence of low vitamin D status.

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Dietary vitamin D intake among university students and their habits concerning daily sunlight exposure – a cross-sectional study

Medicina Fluminensis ◽

10.21860/medflum2021_264896 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 396-406

Author(s):

Gordana Kenđel Jovanović ◽

Greta Krešić ◽

Sandra Pavičić Žeželj

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

University Students ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Sunlight Exposure ◽

Food Sources ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Physically Active ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Dietary Vitamin D

Aim: To evaluate students’ dietary vitamin D intake according to characteristics and habits concerning daily sunlight exposure. Methods: The study included 403 students of the University of Rijeka, Croatia that fulfilled questionnaire about their characteristics, habits, physical activity, supplement use, diet, and their daily sunlight exposure. For assessing diet quality, the Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) was used. Results: Average dietary vitamin D intake was 2.76 μg/day, statistically highest among men (p<0.01), medical sciences universities’ students (p<0.01), students with obesity (p=0.03), highly physically active (p=0.02) and smokers (p=0.01). Major dietary vitamin D sources were fish (42%, p<0.01) and meat and meat products (31%). Students that more frequently expose themselves to the sunlight were mostly men, overweight, moderately physically active, dietary supplements users, and had a diet with more anti-inflammatory potential, higher dietary vitamin D intake and its major dietary sources. Those who rarely and never used a sunscreen had a more anti-inflammatory diet and higher vitamin D and its major food sources intakes. Diet with more pro-inflammatory potential had students that rarely or never directly expose themselves to the sunlight, likewise the students that frequently used sunscreen. Those subgroups also had the lowest dietary vitamin D intake. Conclusions: The average dietary vitamin D intake by investigated university students satisfied only the fifth of the recommended daily vitamin D intake. Students with habits that can influence the lower synthesis of vitamin D may increase the risk of diseases related to bone health, immunity and inflammation in their future life. Provided results about students’ habits of their exposure to the sunlight might be useful for public health messages toward sufficient sunlight exposure, diet quality with more anti-inflammatory potential, vitamin D supplements use, and vitamin D deficiency prevention.

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Maternal Vitamin D and Newborn Telomere Length

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13062012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 2012

Author(s):

Lisa Daneels ◽

Dries S. Martens ◽

Soumia Arredouani ◽

Jaak Billen ◽

Gudrun Koppen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Telomere Length ◽

First Trimester ◽

Maternal Serum ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Maternal Vitamin ◽

Vitamin D Intake ◽

Diet Supplements

Nutrition is important during pregnancy for offspring health. Gestational vitamin D intake may prevent several adverse outcomes and might have an influence on offspring telomere length (TL). In this study, we want to assess the association between maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and newborn TL, as reflected by cord blood TL. We studied mother–child pairs enrolled in the Maternal Nutrition and Offspring’s Epigenome (MANOE) cohort, Leuven, Belgium. To calculate the dietary vitamin D intake, 108 women were asked to keep track of their diet using the seven-day estimated diet record (EDR) method. TL was assessed in 108 cord blood using a quantitative real-time PCR method. In each trimester of pregnancy, maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration was measured. We observed a positive association (β = 0.009, p-value = 0.036) between newborn average relative TL and maternal vitamin D intake (diet + supplement) during the first trimester. In contrast, we found no association between average relative TL of the newborn and mean maternal serum 25-OHD concentrations during pregnancy. To conclude, vitamin D intake (diet + supplements), specifically during the first trimester of pregnancy, is an important factor associated with TL at birth.

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