Diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
pp. 373-396
Author(s):  
Charlotte Frise ◽  
Sally Collins
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Postnatal Care ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Pregnant Patient ◽  
Monogenic Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Capillary Glucose

This chapter covers all issues of diabetes mellitus in relation to pregnancy. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are defined, alongside gestational and monogenic diabetes. Advice for the pregnant patient with diabetes is given for every stage, from preconception to ante- and postnatal care. Practical aspects such as target capillary glucose levels, glucose monitoring, and types of insulin are all described. Complications and emergencies, including hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis, are also explained, along with their management.

Neonatal Diabetes – From Gene Discovery yo Clinical Practice Changes

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
Cristian Guja ◽  
Loreta Guja ◽  
Constantin Ionescu-Tîrgovişte
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Neonatal Diabetes ◽  
Monogenic Diabetes ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Sulphonylurea Treatment ◽  
The Common

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases but also one of the most heterogeneous. Apart the common phenotypes of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, around 1-2% of all cases arise from a single gene mutation and are known as monogenic diabetes. Diabetes diagnosed within the first 6 months of life is known as neonatal diabetes and has been extensively studied during the last two decades. Unraveling the genetic cause and molecular mechanism of this rare diabetes phenotype led to a dramatic change in the treatment of these children who often can be switched from insulin to sulphonylurea treatment. The aim of this paper is to review the known genetic causes of neonatal diabetes and to highlight the most recent aspects of the disease caused by mutations in the KATP and insulin genes, with a special focus on the individualized treatment of these cases

scholarly journals Effects of Flash Glucose Monitoring on Dietary Variety, Physical Activity, and Self-Care Behaviors in Patients with Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ida ◽  
Ryutaro Kaneko ◽  
Kanako Imataka ◽  
Kaoru Okubo ◽  
Yoshitaka Shirakura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Flash Glucose Monitoring

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of flash glucose monitoring on dietary variety, physical activity, and self-care behavior in patients with diabetes. This study included outpatients with diabetes using insulin who presented at the Department of Diabetes and Metabolism of the Ise Red Cross Hospital. Before initiating flash glucose monitoring and 12 weeks after its initiation, blood glucose-related parameters were assessed and self-administered questionnaires were completed (Dietary Variety Score (DVS), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure (SDSCA), and the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ)) and compared between the two time points. We analyzed 42 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 48 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but not type 1 diabetes mellitus, there was an increase in moderate/high category scores for IPAQ (P<0.001) and for treatment satisfaction reported via DTSQ. Furthermore, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the glycemic excursion index improved significantly and HbA1c decreased significantly (from 7.7 (1.2) to 7.4 (0.8), P=0.025). Results showed that standard deviation and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions significantly decreased in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (from 71.2 (20.4) to 66.2 (17.5), P=0.033 and from 124.6 (31.9) to 108.1 (28.4), P<0.001, respectively). Flash glucose monitoring is a useful tool to improve physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Realtime Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People with Type 2 Diabetes

2012 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Susan Walker ◽  
Stephanie J Fonda ◽  
Sara Salkind ◽  
Robert A Vigersky ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Previous research has shown that realtime continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) is a useful clinical and lifestyle aid for people with type 1 diabetes. However, its usefulness and efficacy for people with type 2 diabetes is less known and potentially controversial, given the continuing controversy over the efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in this cohort. This article reviews theextantliterature on RT-CGM for people with type 2 diabetes, and enumerates several of the advantages and disadvantages of this technology from the perspective of providers and patients. Even patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin and/or are relatively well controlled on oral medications have been shown to spend a significant amount of time each day in hyperglycemia. Additional tools beyond SMBG are necessary to enable providers and patients to clearly grasp and manage the frequency and amplitude of glucose excursions in people with type 2 diabetes who are not on insulin. While SMBG is useful for measuring blood glucose levels, patients do not regularly check and SMBG does not enable many to adequately manage blood glucose levels or capture marked and sustained hyperglycemic excursions. RT-CGM systems, valuable diabetes management tools for people with type 1 diabetes or insulin-treated type 2 diabetes, have recently been used in type 2 diabetes patients. Theextantstudies, although few, have demonstrated that the use of RT-CGM has empowered people with type 2 diabetes to improve their glycemic control by making and sustaining healthy lifestyle choices.

What a psychiatrist needs to know about diabetes

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (S4) ◽  
pp. S330-S334 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Charbonnel
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Glycosylated Haemoglobin ◽  
Glucose Levels

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder, caused by defects in insulin action and/or insulin production and is defined as afasting hyperglycaemia of >126 mg/dl, with normoglycaemia being ≥70 and ≤ 110 mg/dl. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (around 10% of cases) is an autoimmune disease, usually of early onset, in which pancreatic islet beta cells that secrete insulin are destroyed. Type 2 diabetes (around 85% of cases) is characterised principally by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Heredity and obesity are major risk factors for Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is associated with potentially life-threatening microvascular and macrovascular complications caused by elevated serum glucose levels. Treatment of diabetes aims at restoring glycaemic control. In Type 1 diabetes, this can be achieved by injecting insulin. Oral hypoglycaemic medications that stimulate insulin secretion and/or modify glucose metabolism can be used as a first-line treatment in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, insulin is usually necessary in later phases of the disease. Lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, are also important. Glycaemic control can be measured by fasting blood glucose levels and also by glycosylated haemoglobin levels. The latter measure gives an indication of glycaemic control over a period of three months, and a reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin is the most appropriate treatment goal in the management of diabetes.

scholarly journals Effect of Lupin-Enriched Biscuits as Substitute Mid-Meal Snacks on Post-Prandial Interstitial Glucose Excursions in Post-Surgical Hospital Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1239
Author(s):  
Sophie Skalkos ◽  
George Moschonis ◽  
Colleen J. Thomas ◽  
Joanna McMillan ◽  
Antigone Kouris-Blazos
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Interstitial Glucose ◽  
Meal Effect ◽  
Hospital Menu

Hospital biscuit snacks offered to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients may adversely affect glycaemic control. This study investigated the effect of lupin mid-meal biscuit snacks, compared to spelt or standard hospital biscuits, on interstitial glucose levels in post-operative T2DM inpatients. In a pilot cross-over pragmatic study, 20 patients (74 ± 12 years) consumed, in order, lupin biscuits (20% lupin), wholemeal spelt and standard plain sweet biscuits as mid-meal snacks (2 biscuits each for morning and afternoon tea) on three consecutive days. Continuous glucose monitoring, appetite perceptions and bowel motions were recorded. Glucose levels were not significantly different in the first 90 min after mid-meal biscuit consumption at morning and afternoon tea, irrespective of type. However, after consuming the lupin biscuits only, glucose levels were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced 90 min postprandially after dinner, indicating a potential second-meal effect. Patients also reported improved satiety after lupin biscuit consumption on day 1, compared to days 2 and 3 (p = 0.018). These findings suggest that lupin-enriched biscuits may improve both glycaemic control and satiety in hospitalised T2DM patients, potentially contributing to reduced length of stay. Larger controlled studies are warranted to confirm these findings and inform potential revision of hospital menu standards for T2DM patients.

Lack of Evidence Linking Infant Feeding Regimen and Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (Supplement 3) ◽  
pp. 237A-237A
Author(s):  
Robin S. Feldman ◽  
Michael Falk ◽  
Kathy A. Grako ◽  
Dawn A. Groenke ◽  
Allison Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Feeding Regimen
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