Print Reading: A Gold Standard?

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-62
Author(s):  
Naomi S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Faculty Perspectives ◽  
College Reading ◽  
Learning Contexts ◽  
Leisure Reading ◽  
Student Reading ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
Print Reading ◽  
Digital Or

Chapter 3 looks at how much reading adolescents and young adults are now doing. Their amount of leisure reading is startlingly low. The picture is equally worrisome for completing school reading assignments. After reviewing previous studies of college reading compliance, the chapter presents a study conducted by the author and a Norwegian colleague exploring faculty perspectives on student reading: how much faculty are assigning, how much reading they believe students are doing, and perceived effects of digital technology on both. It’s common to assume print as a “gold standard” against which to measure digital reading. But in reality, most readers most of the time don’t measure up when using print. The chapter concludes by considering a range of traditional strategies for reading print in learning contexts and asks which strategies might apply to digital or audio reading, and which are actually effective for print.

scholarly journals Dental and Skeletal Imaging in Forensic Age Estimation: Disparities in Current Approaches and the Continuing Search for Optimization

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 510-522
Author(s):  
Jannick De Tobel ◽  
Christian Ottow ◽  
Thomas Widek ◽  
Isabella Klasinc ◽  
Håkan Mörnstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Forensic Age Estimation ◽  
European Research ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Case Examples

AbstractMedical imaging for forensic age estimation in living adolescents and young adults continues to be controversial and a subject of discussion. Because age estimation based on medical imaging is well studied, it is the current gold standard. However, large disparities exist between the centers conducting age estimation, both between and within countries. This review provides an overview of the most common approaches applied in Europe, with case examples illustrating the differences in imaging modalities, in staging of development, and in statistical processing of the age data. Additionally, the review looks toward the future because several European research groups have intensified studies on age estimation, exploring four strategies for optimization: (1) increasing sample sizes of the reference populations, (2) combining single-site information into multifactorial information, (3) avoiding ionizing radiation, and (4) conducting a fully automated analysis.

scholarly journals What's Your Pleasure? Exploring the Predictors of Leisure Reading for Fiction and Nonfiction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Martin-Chang ◽  
Stephanie Kozak ◽  
Kyle Levesque ◽  
Navona Calarco ◽  
Raymond A. Mar
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Scholastic Aptitude Test ◽  
Aptitude Test ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Scholastic Aptitude ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Leisure Reading ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

Leisure reading is associated with several important educational and cognitive benefits, and yet fewer and fewer young adults are reading in their free time. To better study what drives leisure reading in undergraduates, we developed the Predictors of Leisure Reading (PoLR) scale. The PoLR investigates key predictors of leisure reading, namely reading motivations, obstacles, attitudes, and interests. We examined the PoLR’s ability to predict language skills in 200 undergraduates, both directly and indirectly via exposure to fiction and nonfiction texts. Language skills were measured with a diverse battery of tasks, including items from two sections of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. We found that greater intrinsic reading enjoyment predicts better verbal abilities, and this was often explained via exposure to fiction rather than nonfiction. In contrast, participants who reported reading due to extrinsic pressures typically had weaker verbal abilities, often explained by stronger associations with nonfiction. This pattern was observed across the raw correlations and in a series of path analyses. In sum, it was ‘reading enjoyment’ and ‘identifying as a reader’ that uniquely predicted better verbal abilities in our undergraduate sample. The importance of these findings are discussed in relation to fostering intrinsic reading enjoyment throughout the various stages of formal education.

scholarly journals The Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Bilingual Singaporean Children’s Leisure Reading

AERA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233285842110338
Author(s):  
Baoqi Sun ◽  
Chin Ee Loh ◽  
Beth Ann O’Brien ◽  
Rita Elaine Silver
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Learning Gains ◽  
Summer Reading ◽  
Leisure Reading ◽  
Reading Loss ◽  
Digital Formats ◽  
Print Reading ◽  
Gains And Losses

Long-term school absences during pandemic lockdowns may result in learning gains and losses much like the summer reading loss, but little is known about the actual effects of such lockdowns. This mixed-methods study examined changes in reading enjoyment, amount and resources in three groups of bilingual children—English-Chinese, English-Malay, and English-Tamil speaking children—during the COVID-19 lockdown in Singapore. Results reveal a lockdown reading gap between children’s stronger language (English) and weaker language (Chinese/Malay/Tamil). Within each language, results show differential reading gains and losses for children who enjoyed and did not enjoy reading in print and digital formats. Children’s reading enjoyment before the lockdown, changes in reading enjoyment and print reading amount during the lockdown in English and Chinese/Malay were significantly correlated. Children preferred print reading over reading digitally both before and during the lockdown, and devices were underutilized for reading purposes.

Environments, Individual Characteristics, and Worry of Young Adults

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 648-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Marjoribanks
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Individual Characteristic ◽  
Learning Contexts

Relations were examined among distal and proximal learning contexts, individual characteristics, and the worry of young adults. Data were collected from 20-yr.-old Australians (3,325 women and 3,070 men). Analysis suggested that learning environment and individual characteristic measures have significant associations with the worry of young adults and that the intensity of worry varies for young adults from different ethnic groups.

scholarly journals What’s Your Pleasure? Exploring the Predictors of Leisure Reading for Fiction and Nonfiction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Martin-Chang ◽  
Stephanie Kozak ◽  
Kyle Levesque ◽  
Navona Calarco ◽  
Raymond A. Mar
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Scholastic Aptitude Test ◽  
Aptitude Test ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Scholastic Aptitude ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Leisure Reading ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

Leisure reading is associated with several important educational and cognitive benefits, and yet fewer and fewer young adults are reading in their free time. To better study what drives leisure reading in undergraduates, we developed the Predictors of Leisure Reading (PoLR) scale. The PoLR investigates key predictors of leisure reading, namely reading motivations, obstacles, attitudes, and interests. We examined the PoLR’s ability to predict language skills in 200 undergraduates, both directly and indirectly via exposure to fiction and nonfiction texts. Language skills were measured with a diverse battery of tasks, including items from two sections of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. We found that greater intrinsic reading enjoyment predicts better verbal abilities, and this was often explained via exposure to fiction rather than nonfiction. In contrast, participants who reported reading due to extrinsic pressures typically had weaker verbal abilities, often explained by stronger associations with nonfiction. This pattern was observed across the raw correlations and in a series of path analyses. In sum, it was ‘reading enjoyment’ and ‘identifying as a reader’ that uniquely predicted better verbal abilities in our undergraduate sample. The importance of these findings are discussed in relation to fostering intrinsic reading enjoyment throughout the various stages of formal education.

scholarly journals Validity of the Lumen® hand-held metabolic device to measure fuel utilization in healthy young adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent A. Lorenz ◽  
Shlomo Yeshurun ◽  
Richard Aziz ◽  
Julissa Ortiz-Delatorre ◽  
James R. Bagley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Fuel Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Fuel ◽  
Metabolic Cart ◽  
Glucose Intake ◽  
Small Hand ◽  
Reduced Major Axis

AbstractBackgroundMetabolic carts measure the carbon dioxide produced and oxygen consumed from the breath in order to assess metabolic fuel usage (carbohydrates vs. fats). However, these systems are expensive, time-consuming, and only available in the clinic. A small hand-held device capable of measuring metabolic fuel via CO2 from exhaled air has been developedObjectiveTo evaluate the validity of a novel hand-held device (Lumen®) for measuring metabolic fuel utilization in healthy young adultsMethodsMetabolic fuel usage was assessed in healthy participants (n = 33; age: 23.1 ± 3.9 y) via respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values from the “gold-standard” metabolic cart as well as %CO2 from the Lumen device. Measurements were performed at rest in two conditions, fasting, and after consuming 150 grams of glucose in order to determine changes in metabolic fuel. Reduced major axis regression was performed as well as Bland-Altman plots and linear regressions to test for agreement between RER and Lumen %CO2.ResultsBoth RER and Lumen %CO2 significantly increased after glucose intake compared with fasting conditions (P < .0001). Regression analyses and Bland-Altman plots revealed an agreement between the two measurements with a systematic bias resulting from the nature of the different units.ConclusionsThis study shows the validity of Lumen® to estimate metabolic fuel utilization in a comparable manner with the “gold-standard” metabolic cart, providing the ability for real-time metabolic information for users under any circumstances.

scholarly journals VO2 Estimation Equation Accuracy to Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Rafael Chieza Fortes García ◽  
Rafael Melo de Oliveira ◽  
Eduardo Camilo Martínez ◽  
Eduardo Borba Neves
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Stress Testing ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
Health Indicator ◽  
Altman Analysis ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences

B Objective: analyze the agreement of the V̇O2max values estimated by American College of Sports Medicine‎ and Foster equations with direct measure gas analyze in young Brazilian males. The maximal oxygen uptake, as a health indicator and mortality predictor, can be assessed in different ways. The gold standard comprises the direct measurement of exhaled gases, which entails high cost. A more conveniently form can be estimation equations. Materials and methods: this study assessed VO2max of 41 young Brazilian males (21.4 ±2.2 years) by cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill ergometer with a ramp protocol. Bland and Altman analysis was performed to verify the agreement between V̇O2max measured and estimated values by ACSM and Foster equations. Results: the measured VO2max was 52.3 ± 4.9 ml.kg-1.min-1. The difference between the measured V̇O2max and the estimated V̇O2max by the ACSM equation (9.40±3.67) was approximately 7.5 times greater than the difference between the measured V̇O2max and estimated V̇O2max by Foster's equation (1.25±3.46). Bland Altman graphics shows that only ACSM equation had mean differences that were significantly different from the measured value. Conclusions: the ACSM equation showed not appropriate for during treadmill stress testing young adults in a ramp protocol and Foster equation seems to be a more accurate estimator of V̇O2max for this population, besides showed a bias along the aerobic capacity, trending to overestimates and underestimates V̇O2max of least and most fit people, respectively.

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