Prostate Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Wilson ◽  
Lorelei Mucci
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Advanced Prostate Cancer ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Increased Risk

Prostate cancer is among the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men, ranking second in cancer globally and first in Western countries. There are marked variations in incidence globally, and its incidence must be interpreted in the context of diagnostic intensity and screening. The uptake of prostate-specific antigen screening since the 1990s has led to dramatic increases in incidence in many countries, resulting in an increased proportion of indolent cancers that would never have come to light clinically in the absence of screening. Risk factors differ when studying prostate cancer overall versus advanced disease. Older age, African ancestry, and family history are established risk factors for prostate cancer. Obesity and smoking are not associated with risk overall, but are associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Several additional lifestyle factors, medications, and dietary factors are now emerging as risk factors for advanced disease.

scholarly journals The impact of different prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing intervals on Gleason score at diagnosis and the risk of experiencing false-positive biopsy recommendations: a population-based cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e027958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorgerdur Palsdottir ◽  
Tobias Nordstrom ◽  
Andreas Karlsson ◽  
Henrik Grönberg ◽  
Mark Clements ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Family History ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Gleason Score ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Psa Test ◽  
Testing Interval ◽  
Positive Biopsy ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveGiven a man’s current prostate- specific antigen (PSA) level, age and family history of prostate cancer, what are the benefits (decreased risk of higher Gleason score [GS] cancer at diagnosis) and harms (increased risk of false-positive biopsy recommendation) of waiting 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5–8 years until the next PSA test?DesignProspective cohort.SettingAll PSA tested men in Stockholm, Sweden, between 2003 and 2015.ParticipantsMen aged 50–74 years with at least two PSA tests between 2003 and 2015 (n=174 636).Main outcome measuresLog-binomial regression to calculate the risk ratio (RR) of GS ≥7 and GS 6 versus benign outcome at prostate biopsy and 12-year cumulative probability of experiencing a false-positive biopsy by testing interval, age, PSA level and first-degree family history.ResultsMen with PSA ≤1 ng/mL had low risk of GS ≥7 prostate cancer irrespective of testing interval; <3% had a PSA >3 at the next testing occasion, and of the 663 men biopsied after the next PSA test only 32 (5%) had GS ≥7 cancer. Men with PSA >1 ng/mL had increased risk of being diagnosed with GS ≥7 prostate cancer when screened with longer than annual intervals (RRs ranged from 1.4 to 3.2 depending on PSA level and testing interval). The results were consistent across age groups and family history status. This benefit needs to be balanced against the increased risk for false-positive biopsy recommendation with shorter testing intervals (twofold for annual vs biennial and threefold for annual vs triennial).ConclusionsMen aged 50–74 years with PSA ≤1 ng/mL can wait 3–4 years before having a new PSA test. For men with PSA >1 ng/mL, we observed an increased risk of being diagnosed with GS ≥7 prostate cancer with longer than annual testing intervals. This benefit needs to be balanced against the markedly increased risks for false-positive biopsy recommendations with shorter testing intervals recommendations.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF PROSTATE CANCER: A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Pratibha Rani ◽  
Kamaldeep Singh ◽  
Anania Arjuna ◽  
Savita Devi
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors ◽  
Worldwide Population ◽  
Male Patients

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer in men. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the biomarker used for the screening of prostate cancer and other prostate-related problems. Not only the genetic factors are involved dietary factors, environmental factors but also responsible for the development of prostate cancer. Risk factors such as family history, age, chemical exposure, infection, and smoking are at the peak point for the development of prostate disease. Advanced age is one of the main risk factors. Radical prostatectomy is the most common therapy for small group of patients with high-grade tumors. Early screening of PSA reduces the incidence rate of prostate cancer. Mostly prostate abnormalities are seen in among male patients above the age of 50 years or older. In worldwide population, the epidemiology of prostate cancer is high in western countries and less in Asian countries.

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