From Public Reason to the Democratic Decision-Making Process

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-62
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Hertzberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Reason ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Public Justification ◽  
Religious Politics ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Political Approach ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter criticizes the ideal of public reason, showing that even when it is specified in several plausible ways, it does not provide citizens with sufficient guidance in evaluating religious politics. Instead, the ideal must be placed within a larger, way-of-life conception of democracy that considers religion’s roles in citizens’ civic lives. The chapter develops a minimal conception of public reason and analyses two criticisms of it: that public reason is a culturally protestant political approach that ignores crucial aspects of religion and that public reason violates religious citizens’ integrity. It then assesses two predominant responses to the second criticism: restricting the domain of public reason norms and adopting the convergence conception of public justification. Both responses demonstrate public reason’s inability to offer citizens sufficient guidance in evaluating religion’s political influence.

Innovation in Surgery: Qualitative Analysis of the Decision-Making Process and Ethical Concerns

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alban Zarzavadjian Le Bian ◽  
David Fuks ◽  
Renato Costi ◽  
Manuela Cesaretti ◽  
Audrey Bruderer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Surgical Innovation ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
The Ideal

Background. Surgical innovation from surgeon’s standpoint has never been scrutinized as it may lead to understand and improve surgical innovation, potentially to refine the IDEAL (Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term Follow-up) recommendations. Methods. A qualitative analysis was designed. A purposive expert sampling was then performed in organ transplant as it was chosen as the ideal model of surgical innovation. Interviews were designed, and main themes included the following: definition of surgical innovation, the decision-making process of surgical innovation, and ethical dilemmas. A semistructured design was designed to analyze the decision-making process, using the Forces Interaction Model. An in-depth design with open-ended questions was chosen to define surgical innovation and ethical dilemmas. Results. Interviews were performed in 2014. Participants were 7 professors of surgery: 3 in liver transplant, 2 in heart transplant, and 2 in face transplant. Saturation was reached. They demonstrated an intuitive understanding of surgical innovation. Using the Forces Interaction Model, decision leading to contemporary innovation results mainly from collegiality, when the surgeon was previously the main factor. The patient is seemingly lesser in the decision. A perfect innovative surgeon was described (with resiliency, legitimacy, and no technical restriction). Ethical conflicts were related to risk assessment and doubts regarding methodology when most participants (4/7) described ethical dilemma as being irrelevant. Conclusions. Innovation in surgery is teamwork. Therefore, it should be performed in specific specialized centers. Those centers should include Ethics and Laws department in order to integrate these concepts to innovative process. This study enables to improve the IDEAL recommendations and is a major asset in surgery.

Inclusion and Democracy. By Iris Marion Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 304p. $29.95.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Barbara Cruikshank
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Democratic Theory ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Iris Marion Young ◽  
Democratic Ideals ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Oxford University Press

Engaging her contemporaries in debates over democratic ideals and processes, Iris M. Young offers a collection of seven essays that mitigate arguments on either side of those debates (participation vs. representation, localism vs. state, segregation vs. integration, identity vs. difference) by applying the critical ideal of inclusion. She argues that the normative legitimacy of democratic decisions rests upon the extent to which those affected by decisions are included in or have the opportunity to enter the decision making process. One might think that inclusion solves only one problem, the problem of exclusion, for democracy. However, Young extends the ideal of inclusion across manifold debates in democratic theory and speaks broadly to the less than ideal conditions under which we now practice democracy.

scholarly journals SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN UNTUK MENENTUKAN POSISI PEMAIN IDEAL DALAM TIM SEPAK BOLA DENGAN METODE ALGORITMA GENETIKA

Compiler ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hizkia Alprianta ◽  
Anton Setiawan Honggowibowo ◽  
Yuliani Indrianingsih
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
User Interface ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Media Processing ◽  
Ideal Position ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Ideal

So far, there are coaches who are less precise in determining the ideal position of the player as it only relies on instinct and the ego of the players so that there is still a coach who has not been able to objectively assess the players.By utilizing the method of Genetic Algorithm as Decision Support System (DSS) in the process of determining the ideal position of a player who uses several criteria (multicriteria) to choose a proper player. DSS is helping coach in making the right decisions and Genetic Algorithm is used as a model for multicriteria weighting in the selection process. This application was built with tools Borland Delphi (7.0) as the user interface design and media processing PostgreSQL as its database.            Based on these results we can conclude that this application expected to assist the coaches in the decision making process and can change the appraisal of which are subjective to more objective, to determine the ideal position for a player, can determine the best position of each position of a number of players and the expected results of the Genetic Algorithm on the system constructed in accordance with the results of manual calculations.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Model for Performance Analysis of a Stirling Engine Prototype

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Torres García ◽  
Elisa Carvajal Trujillo ◽  
José Vélez Godiño ◽  
David Sánchez Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Stirling Engine ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Isothermal Model ◽  
Working Cycle ◽  
Stirling Engines ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
The Ideal

In this study, the results of simulations generated from different thermodynamic models of Stirling engines are compared, including characterizations of both instantaneous and indicated operative parameters. The aim was to develop a tool to guide the decision-making process regarding the optimization of both the performance and reliability of Stirling engines, such as the 2.9 kW GENOA 03 unit—the focus of this work. The behavior of the engine is characterized using two different approaches: an ideal isothermal model, the simplest of those available, and analysis using the ideal adiabatic model, which is more complex than the first. Some of the results obtained with the referred ideal models deviated considerably from the expected values, particularly in terms of thermal efficiency, so a set of modifications to the ideal adiabatic model are proposed. These modifications, mainly related to both heat transfer and fluid friction phenomena, are intended to overcome the limitations due to the idealization of the engine working cycle, and are expected to generate results closer to the actual behavior of the Stirling engine, despite the increase in the complexity derived from the modelling and simulation processes.

scholarly journals Desenvolvimento de coleções em bibliotecas universitárias

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Carvalho de Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
The Real ◽  
De Se ◽  
The Ideal

Aborda o gerenciamento da política de desenvolvimento de materiais informacionais nas bibliotecas universitárias. Enfatiza a necessidade de as instituições estabelecerem normas e padrões que orientem o processo decisório, a fim de determinar a conveniência de se adquirir, manter e descartar coleções. Finaliza relacionando os critérios de seleção para formação ideal de um acervo, que atenda às reais necessidades da comunidade acadêmica. Abstract Studies the management related to the development of informative material in university libraries. Emphasizes the need that institutions have to establish norms and patterns to guide the decision making process, in order to determine the convenience to acquire, maintain and discard collections. Finalizes relating the ideal selection criteria to organize an asset, which provides the real necessities of the academic community.

A Way of Life and Law: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles O. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Primary Phase ◽  
American Political Science Association ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Single Institution ◽  
The Core ◽  
American Political Science ◽  
Science Association

This address stresses the importance of the study of lawmaking. Three advantages in particular are emphasized: lawmaking is the core decision-making process in a democracy, its study offers an opportunity for Americanists to overcome concentrations on a single institution, and it provides a basis for comparative analysis. The discussion focuses on statute making as a primary phase of lawmaking. Four concepts—iteration, inquiry, speculation, and declaration—are identified as key, unexplored characteristics of statute making that hold substantial promise for research.

The Moral Foundation of Public Justification and Public Reason

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christie Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Reason ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Public Justification ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Moral Foundation ◽  
Liberal Democracies

This chapter discusses the moral foundation of public justification for political liberals. Two conceptions of liberal democracies are contrasted together with their distinctive accounts of public justification. It is argued that political liberals view liberal democracies as a shared project among persons with the end of living on terms of mutual respect with others and that this leads to a shared reasons view of public justification. This view is shown to be superior to the convergence account of public justification on the grounds that (1) convergence accounts of public reason fail to capture what is distinctive about democratic decision-making, namely, that it represents a kind of collective willing, and (2) convergence accounts lack normative stability. Political liberalism offers both.

scholarly journals A Data Pre-Processing Model for the Topsis Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kobryń ◽  
Joanna Prystrom
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Topsis Method ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Calculation Algorithms ◽  
Negative Ideal Solution ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractTOPSIS is one of the most popular methods of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). Its fundamental role is the establishment of chosen alternatives ranking based on their distance from the ideal and negative-ideal solution. There are three primary versions of the TOPSIS method distinguished: classical, interval and fuzzy, where calculation algorithms are adjusted to the character of input rating decision-making alternatives (real numbers, interval data or fuzzy numbers). Various, specialist publications present descriptions on the use of particular versions of the TOPSIS method in the decision-making process, particularly popular is the fuzzy version. However, it should be noticed, that depending on the character of accepted criteria – rating of alternatives can have a heterogeneous character. The present paper suggests the means of proceeding in the situation when the set of criteria covers characteristic criteria for each of the mentioned versions of TOPSIS, as a result of which the rating of the alternatives is vague. The calculation procedure has been illustrated by an adequate numerical example.

scholarly journals Labral debridement, repair and reconstruction: current concepts

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E Hartigan ◽  
Itay Perets ◽  
Mitchell B Meghpara ◽  
Mary R Close ◽  
Leslie C Yuen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Labral Pathology ◽  
The Ideal

Proper treatment of labral pathology is under debate. The treatments currently available to hip surgeons are: conservative treatment, labral debridement, repair and reconstruction while concomitantly addressing bony dysmorphisms. The data available to assist surgeons to make the correct treatment decisions are inconclusive. In this current concepts review, the technical aspects and currently available literature to assist in the decision-making process with these treatment modalities are reviewed. The exact indications for each procedure are still up for debate and ongoing research will better define the ideal patients for each procedure. The purpose of this narrative review was to discuss the current research on debridement, repair and reconstruction as well as the techniques that are currently reported in the literature.

Public justification versus public deliberation: the case for divorce

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Vallier
Keyword(s):  
Public Reason ◽  
Public Deliberation ◽  
Sufficient Reason ◽  
Coercive Power ◽  
Public Justification ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Reason Liberalism ◽  
Citizen Deliberation ◽  
The Ideal

I drive a wedge between public deliberation and public justification, concepts tightly associated in public reason liberalism. Properly understood, the ideal of public justification imposes no restraint on citizen deliberation but requires that those who have a substantial impact on the use of coercive power, political officials, advance proposals each person has sufficient reason to accept. I formulate this idea as the Principle of Convergent Restraint and apply it to legislators to illustrate the general reorientation I propose for the public reason project.

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