Religious Non-Affiliation

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-193
Author(s):  
William V. Trollinger
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
Christian Right ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Conservative Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Success

For the past century, the bulk of white evangelicalism has been tightly linked to very conservative politics. But in response to social and cultural changes in the 1960s and 1970s, conservative white evangelicalism organized itself into the Christian Right, in the process attaching itself to and making itself indispensable to the Republican Party. While the Christian Right has enjoyed significant political success, its fusion of evangelicalism/Christianity with right-wing politics—which includes white nationalism, hostility to immigrants, unfettered capitalism, and intense homophobia—has driven many Americans (particularly, young Americans) to disaffiliate from religion altogether. In fact, the quantitative and qualitative evidence make it clear that the Christian Right has been a (perhaps the) primary reason for the remarkable rise of the religious “nones” in the past three decades. More than this, the Christian Right is, in itself, a sign of secularization.

scholarly journals Undergraduate Econometrics Instruction: Through Our Classes, Darkly

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Angrist ◽  
Jörn-Steffen Pischke
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Past Half ◽  
Classical Regression

The past half-century has seen economic research become increasingly empirical, while the nature of empirical economic research has also changed. In the 1960s and 1970s, an empirical economist's typical mission was to “explain” economic variables like wages or GDP growth. Applied econometrics has since evolved to prioritize the estimation of specific causal effects and empirical policy analysis over general models of outcome determination. Yet econometric instruction remains mostly abstract, focusing on the search for “true models” and technical concerns associated with classical regression assumptions. Questions of research design and causality still take a back seat in the classroom, in spite of having risen to the top of the modern empirical agenda. This essay traces the divergent development of econometric teaching and empirical practice, arguing for a pedagogical paradigm shift.

15. The Rise of Anti-Establishment Parties

2020 ◽  
pp. 307-326
Author(s):  
Mara Morini
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Approach ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
New Parties ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Nationalist Parties ◽  
Extreme Right Parties

This chapter examines the rise of radical right-wing nationalist parties and radical anti-globalization, anti-austerity left-wing parties in Europe. Anti-establishment parties are not new; they have always been a feature of European politics. The ground was not seeded for their development and expansion, however, until social and cultural changes that began in the 1960s combined with the economic and migration crises of the 2000s. The chapter discusses historic anti-establishment parties and the new parties that have emerged over the last two decades. It discusses the nature of anti-establishment parties and describes contemporary radical-left and extreme-right parties. The label of ‘populism’ as applied to these parties is analysed. Using a comparative approach, the chapter examines why there has been a growth of support for anti-establishment parties and attitudes in the last decades, focusing on the development of a ‘populist moment’ in contemporary representative democracies.

Fishery Resources, Environment, and Conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze (Changjiang) River Basins

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reservoir Fisheries ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Intensive Aquaculture ◽  
Lake Fisheries

<em>Abstract</em>.—Lakes are very important resources for fisheries production in China. The total area of lakes for commercial fisheries in China reaches 1.02 million ha, which accounts for 18% of the total freshwater aquaculture area. China has gained rich experience developing lake commercial fisheries over the past 60 years. In the 1950s, lake fisheries were primarily focused on the capture of natural aquatic animal species. With the success of the artificial reproduction of the four domestic carps (Silver Carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</em>, Bighead Carp <em>H. nobilis </em>(also known as <em>Aristichthys nobilis</em>), Grass Carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>, and Black Carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus</em>), stock-enhanced fisheries became the main production method in the 1960s and 1970s. During this period, large-scale resources investigations all over China were conducted, some stocking and management theories that were based on primary production developed, and fish production potentials for lakes were determined. The united fishing method was created during this period, which significantly increased the capture efficiency in large lakes. In the 1980s, semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture methods, including application of fertilizers and artificial feeds, cage culture, and pen culture, were applied to lake and reservoir fisheries, which substantially increased fishery production and also the income of fishermen. However, intensive aquaculture in lakes has caused serious environmental problems, such as ecosystem degradation, exhaustion of natural fisheries resources, decreased biodiversity, and increased eutrophication. Sustainable development of fisheries in lakes of the Yangtze River basin has been facing unprecedented challenges, both to the environment and to human society. More and more attention has focused on the balance between fisheries development and environmental protection in the past two decades. Ecofishery is a possible solution to this potential conflict. As a strategy for lake fisheries reform, it is suggested that use of natural food resources in lakes should be more efficient than present, and lake fisheries should be developed based on ecosystem restorations.

Exit from Within

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-158
Author(s):  
Alexander Cooley ◽  
Daniel Nexon
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
American System ◽  
The Core ◽  
System P ◽  
Right Wing Populism ◽  
Media Environments ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Political Success

Right-wing illiberal movements have enjoyed a run of political success. This manifests in Trump’s capture of the Republican Party and subsequent election; the number of illiberal, right-wing parties that hold or share power in Europe; and the largely right-wing coalition that successfully pushed for the UK to trigger withdrawal from the European Union—and thus sent one of the most stalwart, stable great-power supporters of liberal order and the American system into political chaos. This chapter explores how right-wing populism has emerged as a significant counter-order movement, and how the Kremlin has sought to position itself as a broker among wings of the transnational right. These movements also benefit from highly polarized societies, and piggyback on media environments that cultivate polarization. Because counter-order movements within the core are a major way that hegemonic systems collapse or international orders change, these developments matter to the fate of the American system.

scholarly journals Rock critics as 'Mouldy Modernists'

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
The Past ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Contemporary rock criticism appears to be firmly tied to the past. The specialist music press valorise rock music of the 1960s and 1970s, and new emerging artists are championed for their ‘retro’ sounding music by journalists who compare the sound of these new artists with those included in the established ‘canon’ of rock music. This article examines the narrative tropes of authenticity and nostalgia that frame the retrospective focus of this contemporary rock writing, and most significantly, the maintenance of the rock canon within contemporary popular culture. The article concludes by suggesting that while contemporary rock criticism is predominately characterised by nostalgia, this nostalgia is not simply a passive romanticism of the past. Rather, this nostalgia fuels a process of active recontextualisation within contemporary popular culture.

Urban renewal and citizenship: the quality of life in British cities, 1890-1990

Urban History ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Meller
Keyword(s):  
Urban Renewal ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Technical Expertise ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

This paper juxtaposes two key themes: the concept of citizenship and ideas on urban renewal over the past century. The aim is to explore the interaction of cultural changes and the physical environment of cities. The concept of citizenship represents a cultural response to social change which itself has changed dramatically over the past century. Urban renewal has taken many forms. Yet behind all the growing technical expertise in dealing with the physical environment, there are specific social responses to the city which legitimize action. By looking at citizenship and urban renewal together, it is possible to establish a perspective on how the urban environment has been manipulated over the past century, often in ways which have barely interfaced with the social demands of many sections of the community.

Historical trends in tree-ring growth and chemistry across an air-quality gradient in Wisconsin

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Frelich ◽  
J. G. Bockheim ◽  
J. E. Leide
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Past Century ◽  
White Pine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The 1960S

Basal-area increment and chemical composition of xylem wood were measured in three old-growth (ca. 75–100 years) white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) and three sugar maple (Acersaccharum) Marsh.) stands across a pH and SO4 gradient in precipitation in Wisconsin. In 1986 the volume-weighted mean pH and SO4 content of precipitation ranged from 4.5 to 5.0 and from 21 to 11 kg • ha−1, respectively, from southeastern to northwestern Wisconsin. With one exception (a white pine site at Point Beach in eastern Wisconsin), basal-area increment increased from the 1890s until the 1950s (sugar maple) or 1970s (white pine), then levelled off. Growth efficiency, estimated as the ratio of basal area to exposed crown area or crown volume for the 1980–1985 period, was similar for sugar maple across the gradient; however, growth efficiency of white pine was lower at Point Beach than at the two northern Wisconsin sites. Lead concentrations in xylem wood of both species have increased with time, except at Crotte Creek in northwestern Wisconsin, and Pb concentrations in xylem wood of both species were significantly greater in southeastern than in northwestern Wisconsin. Sulfur concentrations in xylem wood of white pine have increased since the 1960s at Point Beach and at one site in north central Wisconsin; S concentrations are significantly greater for both species in southeastern than in northern Wisconsin. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K in xylem wood of sugar maple have decreased over the past century. Whereas xylem wood concentrations of Mn and Zn generally show no age-related trends, Fe and P concentrations have increased markedly at all sites, particularly during the past decade. Although additional research is needed to determine the potential of dendrochemistry in evaluating the consequences of environmental pollution, the age- and site-related trends in chemical composition of xylem wood of white pine and sugar maple appear to be related to vehicular emissions (Pb), air pollution (S), migration along ray paths during conversion of sapwood into heartwood (P, Fe, Ca, K, Mg), and possibly reallocation of nutrients from the labile soil pool to perennial tree tissues during stand development (Ca, K, Mg).

From Gilles de la Tourette's Disease to Tourette Syndrome: A History

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard I. Kushner
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Initial Description ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractOver the past century researchers have attributed the symptoms that today are labeled as Tourette syndrome to various etiologies. Although most investigators have accepted Gilles de la Tourette's initial description of a symptom complex of tics and involuntary vocalizations, most have rejected his claim that “tic disease” resulted from hereditary degeneration. Subsequent investigators have offered an array of contradictory etiological explanations including viewing these symptoms as a subset of choreas, a result of insufficient inhibition, a failure to control infantile habits, a sequel to encephalitis and other infections, or the result of unconscious psychosexual childhood conflict. With the advent of effective pharmacologic treatments in the 1960s, psychiatrists, often urged on by the parents of afflicted children, began to insist that the disorder resulted from organic factors, most likely connected to transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine and signaling in the basal ganglia. Since the 1970s, research has focused on a variety of possible organic substrates, but disputes over which symptoms to include in the syndrome's phenotype continue to constrain efforts to locate its etiology.

A Contemporary View of Salivary Research

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin D. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
The Past ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

The past 50 years of salivary research has been marked by a series of changing perceptions as new techniques and technologies have illuminated the complexities of the secretory mechanism, salivary composition, and function. The modem era began with the innovations of electrophoresis, chromatography, histochemistry, immunochemistry, electron microscopy, and microphysiology. The idea of saliva as primarily a digestive fluid composed of salts, amylase, and mucin was rapidly broadened to encompass a wide spectrum of protective proteins with the dual responsibility of protecting both hard and soft tissues. Characterization of the secretory IgA and nonimmunological antibacterial systems and the proteins responsible for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels dominated the research in the 1960s and 1970s. An appreciation of the nature, formation, and role of the salivary pellicle and the interplay between bacterial adherence and agglutination provided a clinical thrust. Morphologists and physiologists redefined the secretory process on a molecular level. The 1980s saw the union of structure and function, both in terms of synthesis and release of the secretory products and their specific roles in the oral cavity in health and disease. The excitement of the 1990s is in the genetic control of processes and products, elucidating the mechanisms, and using the information to improve on nature: an era of great expectations and hubris. This article is essentially a personal guided tour through the past 50 years of salivary research.

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