Firqa and Iftiraq in Islam

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-142
Author(s):  
Azmi Bishara
Keyword(s):  
Historical Period ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Shared Set ◽  
Social Entities

This chapter demonstrates that the classical literature on firqas does not necessarily depict them as social entities, but mostly as groups of scholars with opinions on doctrine. By this definition, Sunnis constituted neither a firqa (sect in the Weberian sense) nor a ta’ifa: Sunnism began as a jurisprudents’ Islam articulated in opposition to what its proponents considered the deviations of a particular historical period. Nor was Sunnism an original, authentic Islam from which all other firqas diverged. This chapter also notes that the term milla referred to all Muslims— expressing a shared set of core beliefs and practices—and that a strong cultural antipathy developed towards disunity, which was identified with decline and fragmentation. This chapter finally emphasizes the anti-sectarian character of Arab secularism.

scholarly journals An Investigative Look at Healthcare Beliefs and Practices During the Sen Dynasty

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Dave Beine
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Do So

There is not much known about Nepal during the historical period sometimes referred to as Nepal’s dark ages (750-1750 C.E.). And even less is known about the healthcare practices of the Sen Dynasty of Palpa, Nepal, which found its inception over 500 years ago, during the late fifteenth century. For this reason, anyone endeavoring to intelligently write on the subject must, much like an archaeologist, use a bit of educated conjecture to piece together a speculative, but historically plausible, picture of the healing practices likely employed during that period. In order to do so, this paper examines several pieces of evidence, both historic and contemporary, in order to infer what the healthcare practices of the populace of Palpa might have looked like at that time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8479 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 6, 2012 61-74

“I am Finished”

Pneuma ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 150-166
Author(s):  
Chris Green
Keyword(s):  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Passion Narrative ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Experience Of God ◽  
Lament Psalms ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Psalm 88 is unrelentingly dark; it is the only one of the lament psalms that does not turn at some point to praise. How are we to read it? First, primarily, we should read it christologically—as witness to the experience of Christ. Read in this way, the Psalms give us insight into the passion narrative. Second, we should ask how the text matters for us as Pentecostals. It calls us away from triumphalism, requiring us to take seriously the experience of god-forsakenness, and forcing us to reimagine our core beliefs and practices.

scholarly journals EMPOWERING PUBLIC SPACES AS CATALYSERS OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN URBAN COMMUNITIES

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras Stauskis ◽  
Frank Eckardt
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Functional Quality ◽  
Spatial Composition ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Social Entities

Improving public spaces is a strategy of great importance for the successful future of our cities and their communities. The potential of places for citizen communication is often underestimated as stimulus for growth and development of urban communities and therefore public spaces are underused. The article analyses socioeconomic and psychological effects of architectural arrangement of traditional public spaces in modern perspective as areas for social interaction between different neighbourhood and citizen groups in an urban community, based on case examples of two cities: Vilnius in Lithuania and Weimar in Germany. Analysis of changing spatial composition and principles of social functioning are directly dependent on socio-political system of each different historical period and represent the chronological evolution of the present architectural appearance of the presented urban squares. The importance of local urban territorial communities is underlined in the article as they are the most important social entities for identifying the needs of local residents and in many cases are ready to take over the responsibility for rearrangement of the public spaces adjacent to their areas of residence. Based on a careful observation of public activities on going in the analysed urban squares in Vilnius and in Weimar, the principles of planning, functionality and spatial arrangement are analysed in the aspect of facilitation of social interactions on going or potentially possible in these spaces. The research identifies planning and spatial arrangement models that could facilitate the preferred ways of social interactions and generate the better overall aesthetical and functional quality of those places. Santrauka Viešųjų erdvių kokybės gerinimas yra svarbus miesto socialinės raidos uždavinys. Neįvertinus didelio viešųjų erdvių potencialo miesto bendruomenėms augti ir plėtotis, dažnai viešosios erdvės miestuose yra apleistos ir neišnaudotos, kartais jos užstatomos pastatais ir išnyksta. Pasiremiant dviejų miestų – Vilniaus Lietuvoje ir Veimaro Vokietijoje – pavyzdžiais, straipsnyje analizuojami socialiniai, ekonominiai ir psichologiniai miesto viešųjų erdvių architektūrinės struktūros efektai jų poveikio įvairių mieto gyventojų grupių bendravimui aspektu. Tiriamų miestų skverų ir aikščių erdvinė kompozicija ir jų socialinis reikšmingumas kito pagal besikeičiančius istorinių laikotarpių socialinius, politinius principus: tą parodo šių viešųjų erdvių architektūrinės planinės struktūros evoliucijos tyrimas. Straipsnyje iškeliamas vietos teritorinių bendruomenių kaip subjektų, tiesiogiai suinteresuotų greta jų gyvenamųjų vietų esančių viešųjų erdvių pertvarkymu, naudojimu ir priežiūra, vaidmuo. Remdamiesi atidžiu tiriamuose Veimaro ir Vilniaus skveruose ir aikštėse vykstančių viešojo bendravimo procesų stebėjimu, straipsnio autoriai pateikia rekomendacijas, kaip įvertinant miestiečių bendravimo specifiką reiktų tobulinti miestų viešųjų erdvių suplanavimą, erdvinę struktūrą, funkcionalumą ir kitus svarbius jų įrengimo aspektus.

scholarly journals The Forgery of Deepfake and the “Advent” of Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2(10)) ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
Edmondo Grassi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology ◽  
New Perspective

The concept of politics changes its semantic value according to the historical period and the cultural changes affecting the social fabric. In classical literature, there was no distinction between politics and society or politics and ethics, since the first indicated the collective space in which cultural, social, economic relations of human life developed that were differentiated from other living forms. To date, with the advent of digitalization and artificial intelligence, we have a concrete assessment of how politics has acquired a new perspective and is changing to adapt to new technologies and its uses: on the one hand, we are experiencing the propagation of debate, confrontation, and information accessible at any time. On the other hand, it has become an instrument for the annihilation of rivals and subjugation of those who consider any data received from the Internet as truthful, exploiting the media and digital technologies, until it pervades the social structure, making even nonsense seem credible. The purpose of this contribution, therefore, is to outline theoretically the contours and contemporary phenomena that relate, through a dialogical relationship, with the use of deepfake techniques and artificial intelligence technology, the concepts of politics – in its dimension of the relationship of collective power – and of social communication.

scholarly journals (In)TolerânciaReligiosa na Antiguidade Tardia: Apontamentos Históricos

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
José Mário Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Religious Intolerance ◽  
Religious Issues

Resumo: Este artigo pretende apontar os caminhos e descaminhos da tolerância e da intolerância religiosa no período denominado de Antiguidade Tardia, considerando, em especial, o trato do Império Romano em relação ao Cristianismo e a atitude deste último em relação aos demais grupos religiosos. Divide-se em quatro partes: na primeira, procura-se conceituar os termos tolerância e intolerância e sua pertinência para o período histórico em questão, procurando diferenciá-lo do seu uso na modernidade e na contemporaneidade; na segunda, apresenta-se a maneira como o Império Romano lidava com as questões religiosas, particularmente com o Cristianismo, levando em consideração o papel que a religião desempenhava na ordem política e social romana; na terceira, discute-se a postura cristã para com outras crenças e práticas religiosas, desde as suas origens até o período agostiniano; finalmente, na quarta parte, apresenta-se a contribuição de Agostinho de Hipona na consolidação da intolerância cristã em relação aos credos divergentes. Palavras-chave: Tolerância. Intolerância. Cristianismo. Antiguidade Tardia. Abstract: This paper highlights the ways assumed by tolerance and religious intolerance in the period known as Late Antiquity. It considers the treatment of the Roman Empire to the Christianity and the attitude of the latter to other religious groups, and has four parts. Firstly, it conceptualizes tolerance and intolerance and their relevance to the historical period in question, seeking to differentiate it from its use in modern and contemporary period. Secondly, it shows the way the Roman Empire dealt with religious issues, particularly Christianity, taking into account the role that religion played in Roman political and social order. Thirdly, it discusses the Christian attitude towards other religious beliefs and practices, since its origins until the Augustinian period. Finally, it presents the contribution of Augustine of Hippo to the consolidation of Christian intolerance towards divergent faiths. Keywords: Tolerance. Intolerance. Christianity. Late Antiquity.

Final Comments: Spacial and Temporal Sanctity

2020 ◽  
pp. 227-234
Author(s):  
Daniella Talmon-Heller
Keyword(s):  
Sacred Place ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Shared Set ◽  
Ibn Taymiyya ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sacred History

This chapter shifts from the 'microscopic' to the 'macroscopic' perspective, to make several observations on medieval Islamic constructions of the 'sacred'. It demonstrates similarities between the understanding of sacred place and time, points out the common vocabulary describing them, and lists the shared set of rites performed in them. Recurrent themes - such as references to the benevolent presence of angels, events of sacred history, the apparition of holy men, the remittance of sins, God's excessive mercy and baraka - are noted here. The chapter also summarizes the opinions of the Hanbali-Sunni Ibn Taymiyya and the Shiʿi Ibn Tawus on these beliefs and practices. Notwithstanding pious devotions, festivities associated with sacred times and places served also political ends, communal purposes, and the formation of identities.

Changing Core Beliefs and Practices Through Systemic Reform: The Case of Germany After the Fall of Socialism

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Mintrop
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Instructional Methods ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Systemic Reform ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Teaching Standards

This article tries to make the German experience with large-scale systemic reform fruitful for an American audience. The effect of state policies in the areas of tracking, content, and pedagogy on the faculties of eight secondary schools is investigated Teachers forcefully adjusted beliefs to the new tracking structure, but not necessarily teaching standards. Teachers remained committed to canonical views of subject matter despite the recent dismantling of old "truths." Strong, but less desired, change in textbooks and content contrasts with weak, but more desired, change in instructional methods. Policy responses are interpreted with three frames of reference (institution, self, teachers' students). Inconsistencies between these frames is the rule, but when they overlap, change can be forceful. The author concludes that successful systemic policies may not be those that are inherently aligned packages, but those that align the frames of reference teachers use to make sense of policies.

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