scholarly journals CGIAR

2021 ◽  
pp. 707-806
Author(s):  
Uma Lele ◽  
Sambuddha Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Advanced Country ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Complex Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Over Time

CGIAR, by far the most complex organization reviewed in this book, has had an extraordinary track record of impacts on productivity growth. CGIAR’s mission has grown over time, beginning with germplasm research and becoming more complex. Donor expectations are high, while funding has stagnated, particularly since 2014. CGIAR’s latest reorganization, known as “One CGIAR,” is a major restructuring, against the background of a history of reforms. The System Board, newly named after “unified governance” became effective on October 1, 2020, is a self-governing mechanism of the System and Centers, intended to work better under the troika of managing directors that report to the unified System Board. In addition, inter-Center research collaborations have been occurring through Center-driven efforts, with benefits of lower operational costs and better ability to improve the quality of research through skill mixes. Partnerships with advanced country institutions have strengthened, as well as those with developed countries. Partnerships with developing countries were the foundation of CGIAR’s success during the Green Revolution, but over time, they have weakened, in part due to a shortage of resources and a growing research agenda. Stronger partnerships are also needed with the private sector.

scholarly journals Beyond The Historiography: Film Dokumenter Sejarah Sebagai Alternatif Historiografi di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Aan Ratmanto
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Documentary Film ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University ◽  
Quality Of Research

The Department of History, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, the University of Gadjah Mada in 2015 made a milestone in the development of historiography in Indonesia. They made a bold move to produce a scholar with a documentary film work instead of a thesis. In the future, it is not impossible that this step will soon be followed by other universities in Indonesia. This paper was written in response to these developments. In this digital era-and in the midst of still low interest in reading in Indonesia-emerged the discourse to seek new media for historiography in Indonesia. The film, especially documentary films are seen as new media that match the characteristics of history because of they both present real-life reality. Moreover, Indonesia with the diversity of tribes and culture and history, of course, save a variety of themes that will not run out to be appointed a documentary. Based on that, this paper will discuss the types, forms, and format of the documentary that is suitable and possible to be produced by history students as a substitute for thesis-considering the cost of film production tends to be higher than thesis research. Thus, the film of a documentary a college student, especially a history produces the quality of research and aestheticsKata 

Space, Mobility and Legitimacy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ettore Recchi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Travel ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
History Of ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon

While migration has always existed, and its consequences have always been important, few people have lived a mobile life in the history of mankind. Population immobility has recurrently been part and parcel of political strategies of social control and domination. Since the second half of the 20th century, however, the extent of geographical movements of individuals has expanded enormously. In particular, the size and scope of international travel has increased at an exponential pace. Favored by globalization and technological progress, transnationalism, initially linked to migration, has emerged as a relatively widespread phenomenon that involves a growing portion of the general population, especially, but not only, in developed countries. Mainly on the basis of research carried out in Europe, there is evidence that transnational practices tend to strengthen cosmopolitanism and the legitimacy of supranational polities (particularly the European Union [EU]), while it is less clear whether they entail denationalization. Further research is needed to improve the quality of independent and dependent variables in this area and assess the effect of international mobility and transnationalism outside the European context.

A Convenient Truth?

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-41
Author(s):  
Peter Railton
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Sacrifice

Justice would appear to require that those who are the principal beneficiaries of a history of economic and political behavior that has produced dramatic climate change bear a correspondingly large share of the costs of getting it under control. Yet a widespread material ideology of happiness suggests that this would require sacrificing “quality of life” in the most-developed countries—hardly a popular program. However, an empirically-grounded understanding of the nature and function of “subjective well-being”, and of the factors that most influence it, challenges this ideology and suggests instead that well-being in more-developed as well as less-developed societies could be improved consistently with sustainable resource-utilization. If right, this could refocus debates over climate change from the sacrifice of “quality of life” to the enhancement and more equitable distribution of well-being within a framework of sustainable relations with one another and with the rest of nature.

scholarly journals The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwan Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Over Time

Payments between families at the time of marriage have existed throughout the history of most developed countries and are currently pervasive in many areas of the developing world. These payments can be substantial enough to affect the welfare of women and a society's distribution of wealth. Recent estimates document transfers per marriage amounting to four to six times annual household income. This paper first establishes some basic facts about the prevalence and magnitude of marriage payments. It then discusses how such patterns vary across countries depending upon economic conditions, societal structures, institutions, and family characteristics. Marriage payments have evolved within societies over time: in some periods, payments have risen sharply; in some cases, payments have shifted from the grooms' side to the brides', and vice versa; sometimes, property rights over such payments shift between marrying partners and parental generations. The second part of this paper discusses the economic literature devoted to explaining these facts.

Big Business in African Studies

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Source Materials

This article surveys research into the business history of Africa completed during the past decade, taking as a point of departure the author's previous essays, ‘Imperial business in Africa’, in this Journal (XVII, (1976), 29–48 and 291–305), and using as a point of reference the published proceedings of two conferences held in Paris and London in 1981 and 1983. It is apparent that knowledge of indigenous and expatriate business in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has expanded considerably during the past ten years, and also that the studies produced by specialists on Africa have particular strengths: they remain integrated with other branches of history; they have illuminated the relationship between business enterprise and official policy; and they have been concerned to explore the wider social consequences of business activities and to relate historical research to current development issues. The literature reveals some characteristic weaknesses too, quite apart from limitations of source materials: the market for knowledge remains imperfect, and specialists often fail to incorporate work which is available; and their analysis is frequently limited by a reluctance to make use of theories of the firm and of accounting techniques. An explanation of these characteristics is offered, and it is concluded that once the present deficiencies have been recognized they can be overcome, and that the quality of research will improve still further as the subject continues to grow during the next decade.

scholarly journals Preparatory education for cancer patients undergoing surgery: A systematic review of volume and quality of research output over time

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1540-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Waller ◽  
Kristy Forshaw ◽  
Jamie Bryant ◽  
Mariko Carey ◽  
Allison Boyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals UFlow 1.0: A Computer Model for Projections of Urban Sprawl

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Koscianski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reverse Mode ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Cities concentrate most of the world’s population and are the stage of difficult problems around logistics, economy, or quality of life, to enumerate just a few. As an object of research on itself, a urban agglomeration is difficult to characterize; it is both an ensemble of various disconnected heterogeneous elements, and the product of numerous actions and effects between those elements. Studies of the structure and the functioning of cities date back to one century ago, with an increased interest in the last decades on the phenomenon of expansion and all of its impacts. Models of city growth face the complex nature of this system and are approximative. Different representations seek to balance characteristics as data availability, level of detail of internal processes, or precision. The uflow model approaches the problem with the metaphor of an abstract field, which evolves over time and signals the conversion from empty to urban cells. The procedure for calibration adjusts parameters according to the history of the region under study, and is able to capture local conditions. The implementation takes advantage of parallel hardware, and the simulation can be performed in reverse mode, a feature that can be useful to verify the adaptation of the tool to a given scenario, or to compute approximations of the past state of a region. Tests confirmed the expected behaviour of the algorithms, and good agreement with actual data. The flexibility of the concept of intensity of urbanization is open to the integration of different data sources into the model, and the possibility of simulating their evolution over time.

An Application of an Intelligent Data Warehouse for Modelling Spatiotemporal Objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-57
Author(s):  
Georgia Garani ◽  
Nunziato Cassavia ◽  
Ilias K. Savvas
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Warehouse ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete History ◽  
Over Time

Data warehouse (DW) systems provide the best solution for intelligent data analysis and decision-making. Changes applied to data gradually in real life have to be projected to the DW. Slowly changing dimension (SCD) refers to the potential volatility of DW dimension members. The treatment of SCDs has a significant impact over the quality of data analysis. A new SCD type, Type N, is proposed in this research paper, which encapsulates volatile data into historical clusters. Type N preserves complete history of changes, additional tables, columns, and rows are not required, extra join operations are omitted, and surrogate keys are avoided. Type N is implemented and compared to other SCD types. Good candidates for practicing SCDs are spatiotemporal objects (i.e., objects whose shape or geometry evolves slowly over time). The case study used and implemented in this paper concerns shape-shifting constructions (i.e., buildings that respond to changing weather conditions or the way people use them). The results demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed SCD Type N.

The influence of rifaximin on diverticulitis rate and quality of life in patients with diverticulosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Banasiewicz ◽  
Wojciech Francuzik ◽  
Adam Bobkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Krokowicz ◽  
Maciej Borejsza-Wysocki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virtual Colonoscopy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Uncomplicated Diverticulitis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
History Of

Diverticulosis, its associated symptoms and complications are one of the most common pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract in more economically developed countries. Presence of diverticuli and their clinical consequences can be divided into four categories: 1) diverticulosis, i.e. an asymptomatic presence of diverticuli that are usually found by accident 2) symptomatic uncomplicated diverticulosis 3) diverticulitis (acute uncomplicated diverticulitis) 4) complications of diverticulitis (conditions requiring hospital stay). The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the efficacy of rifaximin in preventing diverticulitis in patients visiting proctology clinics. The diagnostic criterium for diverticulosis was confirmation by colonoscopy, barium enema or CT colography (virtual colonoscopy) as well as history of at least one documented episode of diverticulosis. History of diverticulosis was evaluated based on medical records, clinical symptoms, elevated level of CRP (>5.0) and/or diagnostic imaging (ultrasound, CT). After setting strict exclusion criteria, 248 patients were qualified for the study out of 686, and they were later divided into two groups: control group (group I – 145 patients) and studied group (group II – 103 patients receiving rifaximin prophylaxis). Diverticulitis rate was comparable in both groups over a period of 6 months before study (p = 0.1306) and 6 months of treatment (p=0.3044). Between the 6th and 12th month of treatment, a significantly lower rate of diverticulitis was noted in the group receiving rifaximin compared to control group (p<0.0001). Patients receiving rifaximin reported higher quality of life (which was assessed using the VAS scale) compared to control group after 12 months. The results confirmed the efficacy of riaximin in prevention of diverticulitis, even in the scheme of repeated courses every 3 months. Not only did application of rifaximin lower the rate of diverticulitis and its complications in patients after an episode of diverticulitis, but also it improved the patients’ quality of life. It seems that diverticulitis prophylaxis based on rifaximin can be economically efficient, however, it requires further research.

An analysis of research quality underlying IDSA clinical practice guidelines: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-323
Author(s):  
Benjamin Greiner ◽  
Ryan Essex ◽  
Denna Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Context As a result of new developments in medicine, the need for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPG) is of utmost importance. However, studies have shown that many medical societies are using low quality research to develop CPGs. Objectives To evaluate the quality of research underlying the CPGs issued by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Methods We examined 29 CPGs issued between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2019 and classified each by research quality according to levels reported by the CPG authors and previously specified by the IDSA: Levels I through III, corresponding to high, moderate, and low quality of evidence, respectively. Each ranking was cross-checked with a second researcher to improve inter-rater reliability. To analyze evolution of research quality over time, three updated CPGs were randomly selected and compared to their original versions. Chi-square analysis was then performed to determine statistical significance. Results We evaluated the quality of research for 2,920 recommendations within the 29 CPGs that met our criteria and found that 418 (14%) were developed using high-quality (Level I) research from randomized, controlled trials. Of the remaining recommendations, 928 (32%) were based on moderate quality research (observational studies) and 1574 (54%) on low quality research (expert opinion). A Pearson chi-squared analysis indicated no-statistically significant difference between original guidelines or their subsequent updates for Clostridium difficile (χ2=0.323; n=85; degrees of freedom [df]=2; p=0.851), candidiasis (χ2=4.133; n=195; df=2; p=0.127), or coccidiomycosis (χ2=0.531; n=95; df=1; p=0.466). Conclusions The proportion of high-quality research underlying guideline recommendations is remarkably low, indicating that moderate and low quality evidence is still influencing infectious disease guidelines despite IDSA standards. Moreover, the quality of research has not significantly changed over time. IDSA CPGs are a formidable source of information for clinicians, but an increased number of quality studies should be utilized to further guide CPG development.

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