Unbounded Dependency Constructions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui P. Chaves ◽  
Michael T. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Unbounded Dependencies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

This book is about one of the most intriguing features of human communication systems: the fact that words which go together in meaning can occur arbitrarily far away from each other. The kind of long-distance dependency that this volume is concerned with has been the subject of intense linguistic and psycholinguistic research for the last half century, and offers a unique insight into the nature of grammatical structures and their interaction with cognition. The constructions in which these unbounded dependencies arise are difficult to model and come with a rather puzzling array of constraints which have defied characterization and a proper explanation. For example, there are filler-gap dependencies in which the filler phrase is a plural phrase formed from the combination of each of the extracted phrases, and there are filler-gap constructions in which the filler phrase itself contains a gap that is linked to another filler phrase. What is more, different types of filler-gap dependency can compound, in the same sentence. Conversely, not all kinds of filler-gap dependencies are equally licit; some are robustly ruled out by the grammar whereas others have a less clear status because they have graded acceptability and can be made to improve in ideal contexts and conditions. This work provides a detailed survey of these linguistic phenomena and extant accounts, while also incorporating new experimental evidence to shed light on why the phenomena are the way they are and what important research on this topic lies ahead.

scholarly journals Competing iconicities in the structure of languages

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irit Meir ◽  
Carol Padden ◽  
Mark Aronoff ◽  
Wendy Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Person ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Physical Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe paper examines the role that iconicity plays in the structuring of grammars. Two main points are argued for: (a) Grammar does not necessarily suppress iconicity; rather, iconicity and grammar can enjoy a congenial relation in that iconicity can play an active role in the structuring of grammars. (b) Iconicity is not monolithic. There are different types of iconicity and languages take advantage of the possibilities afforded by them. We examine the interaction between iconicity and grammar by focusing on the ways in which sign languages employ the physical body of the signer as a rich iconic resource for encoding a variety of grammatical notions. We show that the body can play three different roles in iconic forms in sign languages: it can be used as a naming device where body parts represent body parts; it can represent the subject argument of verbal signs, and it can stand for first person. These strategies interact and sometimes compete in the languages under study. Each language resolves these competitions differently, which results in different grammars and grammatical structures. The investigation of the ways in which grammar and iconicity interact in these languages provides insight into the nature of both systems.

scholarly journals 120 Years of Untangling the Divaricate Habit: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kévin Maurin ◽  
Christopher Lusk
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Remarkable Case ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Divergence Dates ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

The evolution of divaricate plants in New Zealand has been the subject of long-running debate among botanists and ecologists. Hypotheses about this remarkable case of convergent evolution have focused mainly on two different types of selective pressures: the Plio-Pleistocene advent of cool, dry climates, or browsing by now-extinct moa. Here, we review the scientific literature relating to the New Zealand divaricates, and present a list of 81 taxa whose architectures fall on the divaricate habit spectrum. We recommend a series of standardised terms to facilitate clear communication about these species. We identify potentially informative areas of research yet to be explored, such as the genetics underlying the establishment and control of this habit. We also review work about similar plants overseas, proposing a list of 47 such species as a first step towards more comprehensive inventories; these may motivate further studies of the ecology, morphology and evolutionary history of these overseas plants which could help shed light on the evolution of their New Zealand counterparts. Finally, we compile published divergence dates between divaricate species and their non-divaricate relatives, which suggest that the divaricate habit is fairly recent (< 10 My) in most cases.

The Zadar Fragment of the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (or Lex Dei)

2020 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
Robert M. Frakes
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
The State ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractA fragment from the anonymous text known as the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (The Collation of the Laws of Moses and of the Romans) or the Lex Dei (the Law of God) has recently been identified in the State Archives in Zadar, Croatia. The Collatio is a late antique collection of Old Testament strictures and passages from Roman jurists and Roman law which continues to be the subject of scholarly debate. Close examination of this new fragment in the context of the manuscript tradition of the work can give insight into the nature of the lost codex from which it came as well as shed light on the transmission of the Collatio in the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals AN OVER VIEW OF ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION FROM THE CONTRACTUAL PERSPECTIVE IN EUROPE

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Asif Khan ◽  
Ali Raza Ansari ◽  
Nishan-E-Hyder Soomro ◽  
Ahmed Arafa
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Alternate Dispute Resolution ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu

The Alternative Dispute Resolution ("ADR") is an alternative conflict settlement strategy. It follows the main objective of solving conflicts between parties stunningly through the help of independent professionals and renowned personalities. Today the role of the ADR is more important, and the number of agreements with ADR is increasing. One of the reasons for this development is that the ADR is usually more efficient and time-saving compared to normal justice delivering procedures. The current paper examines the most popular techniques for the solution of alternative disputes within the EU, through mediation. This paper associates ADR development and the European Law Legislative International Trade Conciliation (2002) along with other Laws and ADR services, such as ICC and different Laws related to the services. It then conjointly makes comparisons between the bound “member state” MS Courts to observe problems concerning ADR. Additionally, it recognizes the ADR in the light of the right to valid remedy (European Union Principles). To administer a deep insight into the subject, the paper describes additionally the ADR origin, its features, and relevance. Hence, this paper will shed light on the issues faced by parties in ADR concerning agreements and shall thereby, provide a solution to overcome the same.

scholarly journals Reducing language to rhythm: Amazonian Bora drummed language exploits speech rhythm for long-distance communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 170354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Seifart ◽  
Julien Meyer ◽  
Sven Grawunder ◽  
Laure Dentel
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Speech Rhythm ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
Rare Occasion ◽  
Original Insight ◽  
Northwest Amazon ◽  
Insight Into

Many drum communication systems around the world transmit information by emulating tonal and rhythmic patterns of spoken languages in sequences of drumbeats. Their rhythmic characteristics, in particular, have not been systematically studied so far, although understanding them represents a rare occasion for providing an original insight into the basic units of speech rhythm as selected by natural speech practices directly based on beats. Here, we analyse a corpus of Bora drum communication from the northwest Amazon, which is nowadays endangered with extinction. We show that four rhythmic units are encoded in the length of pauses between beats. We argue that these units correspond to vowel-to-vowel intervals with different numbers of consonants and vowel lengths. By contrast, aligning beats with syllables, mora or only vowel length yields inconsistent results. Moreover, we also show that Bora drummed messages conventionally select rhythmically distinct markers to further distinguish words. The two phonological tones represented in drummed speech encode only few lexical contrasts. Rhythm thus appears to crucially contribute to the intelligibility of drummed Bora. Our study provides novel evidence for the role of rhythmic structures composed of vowel-to-vowel intervals in the complex puzzle concerning the redundancy and distinctiveness of acoustic features embedded in speech.

The linguistic capital of contested languages

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Wells
Keyword(s):  
Minority Languages ◽  
Linguistic Capital ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
Language Revival ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Local Languages

Political debate concerning the recognition of regional and minority languages has been the subject of much study in recent years. However, with the focus on separatist and/or nationalist forces, the centre-left has often been overlooked in such studies. In both Asturias in Spain and the Veneto in Italy, centre-left parties have taken a particularly ambivalent approach towards language revival policies, and the ideologies behind this approach merit further study. Drawing particularly on Bourdieu’s work, the author will consider how linguistic hierarchies and linguistic capital are reflected in centre-left discourse and actions concerning the respective local languages. This will shed light on the ambiguous role of the centre-left concerning language policy, and provide further insight into the compatibility of liberal and progressive politics with language revival policies.

Running Recession: A Trend Analysis of Running Involvement and Runner Characteristics to Understand Declining Participation

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Kennedy ◽  
Bradley J. Baker ◽  
Jeremy S. Jordan ◽  
Daniel C. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

Market trends indicate the distance running event industry is facing a running recession. Since 2013, consumer demand has declined annually while supply increased. The current research provides insight into why running as a recreational activity is declining and implications for organized events’ utility. Based on seven years of participants’ postevent surveys from a long-distance running event, the value placed on hedonic, symbolic, and lifestyle features of running (i.e., running involvement) is gradually declining, which corresponds to a decline in annual event participation. Results are based on analyses of both a time series of cross-sections (N = 23,790) and a panel of multiyear respondents (n = 461). Also, there are gender differences in the rates at which running involvement declined. These results shed light onto a sociopsychographic explanation for the declining levels of running event participation and general interest in running.

scholarly journals Social networks and juvenile delinquency

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-93
Author(s):  
Tatjana Skakavac
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Crime Incidence

Ever since the beginnings of history, it was impossible to imagine a society free of the widespread influence of various means of human communication. This is especially true of modern society. Different types of media shape individual development, their thinking, attitudes and behaviours, in a good as well as in bad way. For this reason, countless criminological and psychological studies have been done to comprehend and explain the influence of mass media on crime incidence rate. This topic has increasingly occupied scholars and has been the subject of conferences and panel discussions worldwide. Until recently, television was the most influential medium, exerting enormous influence on the younger generations. However, with the emergence of the Internet and social media, the audience's attention has been hijacked by social networks content, primarily targeting young people - and not just at scheduled times, but throughout the day. This paper will discuss the etiological influence of social media on juvenile delinquency phenomenon.

scholarly journals Correlation of the lower limb anatomical shortening with scoliotic deformity of the spine

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 00069
Author(s):  
Viktor Vasilyev ◽  
Tamara Begidova ◽  
Ekaterina Mukina ◽  
Oksana Shvachun ◽  
Elena Prytkova
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Scoliotic Curve ◽  
Scoliotic Deformity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Shed Light

The article deals with the analysis of the correlation between the anatomical shortening of the lower limb and the formation of a scoliotic curve. Despite the fact that the subject matter lacks sufficient research, an attempt is made to consider the data of domestic and foreign scientific studies that shed light on the issue. Within the framework of data analysis in an independent study of a group of 47 patients with shortening of the lower limb combined with vertebral scoliotic deformity, 4 different types of compensatory deformities of the spine were determined. Variants of possible correction were suggested depending on the type and complexity of the deformity. The conducted study stresses the importance of further theoretical and practical development of the subject matter and improvement of therapeutic and preventive measures for scoliosis.

GOSPEL, CULTURE, AND CULTURES:LESSLIE NEWBIGIN’S MISSIONARY CONTRIBUTION

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-188
Author(s):  
Mike Goheen
Keyword(s):  
Western Culture ◽  
Paul Tillich ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
Theology Of Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

Lesslie Newbigin’s book Foolishness to the Greeks: The Gospel and Western Culture opens with an interesting observation. On the one hand, the relationship between the gospel and culture is not a new subject. One thinks, for example, of the classic study of H. Richard Niebuhr who proposed five models of the relation of Christ to culture, and of work of Paul Tillich who struggled toward, what he called, a ‘theology of culture’ (Niebuhr 1951; Tillich 1959). However, the majority of work has been done by scholars who have not had the missionary experience of communicating the gospel to a radically foreign culture. On the other hand, the last three decades have witnessed a spate of studies on the issue of gospel and culture within the discipline of missiology under the general rubric ‘contextualization studies.’1 Missionaries have become more aware of the western captivity of the gospel and have struggled fruitfully with the issues of gospel and culture, and gospel and cultures. Yet while “it has sought to explore the problems of contextualization in all the cultures of humankind from China to Peru, it has largely ignored the culture that is the most widespread, powerful, and persuasive among all contemporary cultures — namely . . . modern Western culture” (Newbigin 1986:2-3). To put Newbigin’s observation another way, the missionary experience and tradition has gained penetrating insight into the issues of gospel and culture, and gospel and cultures but this tradition has not been appropriated in mainstream western scholarship to shed light on the subject of gospel and culture, and more particularly on the relationship between the gospel and western culture. To my way of thinking, this is a great loss because the missionary experience of cross-cultural witness offers important insight into the gospel-culture relation.

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