The Emergence of Family Agreements in an Ageing World

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-289
Author(s):  
Pip Coore
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
The Law

In response to the ageing population, the need for adult children to care for their older parents is increasing. As reliance on adult children to provide care increases, family agreements are increasingly being entered into. Family agreements are, in essence, arrangements whereby an older parent transfers property to their adult child in exchange for a promise of ‘care for life’. This chapter identifies ways in which the law has responded to population ageing and outlines areas that require further attention. In particular, this chapter explores the emergence of family agreements to better understand whether (if at all) they adequately protect older people and their caregiving adult children from harmful outcomes.

Providing instrumental support to older parents of multi-child families in China: are there different within-family patterns?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jia Chen ◽  
Xiaochen Zhou ◽  
Nan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Instrumental Support ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Older Mothers ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Older parents in China rely heavily on their adult children for instrumental assistance. In different multi-child families, multiple offspring may co-operate in providing instrumental support to older parents in distinct ways in terms of how much support they provide on average and how much differentiation exists between them when they provide such support within a family. We aimed to identify different within-family patterns in relation to multiple offspring's instrumental support to an older parent in Chinese multi-child families, and to investigate potential predictors for different within-family patterns. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (2016), we had a working sample of 5,790 older adults aged 60+ (mean = 68.54, standard deviation = 6.60). We employed latent profile analysis (LPA) to classify within-family patterns and multinomial logistic regression to investigate predictors. Our findings identified three within-family patterns: dissociated (59.10%), highly differentiated (29.60%) and united-filial (11.30%). Older parents in the highly differentiated families tended to be older, mothers, divorced/widowed and to have poorer physical health compared to their counterparts in the dissociated families. In contrast, the composition characteristics of multiple adult children played more important roles in determining the united-filial within-family pattern. The united-filial families were more likely to have fewer adult children, at least one adult daughter and at least one co-residing adult child.

scholarly journals Intergenerational flows of support between parents and adult children in Britain

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA EVANDROU ◽  
JANE FALKINGHAM ◽  
MADELIN GOMEZ-LEON ◽  
ATHINA VLACHANTONI
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Intergenerational Support ◽  
Care Provision ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
National Child Development Study ◽  
Older Parents

ABSTRACTUnderstanding patterns of intergenerational support is critical within the context of demographic change, such as changing family structures and population ageing. Existing research has focused on intergenerational support at a given time in the individuals' lifecourse, e.g. from adult children towards older parents and vice versa; however, few studies have focused on the dynamic nature of such support. Analysing data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, this paper investigates the extent to which the receipt of parental help earlier in the lifecourse affects the chances of adult children reciprocating with support towards their parents later in life. The findings show that three-quarters of mid-life adults had received some support from their parents earlier in life, and at age 50 more than half were providing care to their parents. Patterns of support received and provided across the lifecourse differ markedly by gender, with sons being more likely to have received help with finances earlier in the lifecourse, and daughters with child care. The results highlight that care provision towards parents was associated with support receipt earlier in life. However, the degree of reciprocity varies according to the type of care provided by children. Such findings have implications for informal care provision by adult children towards future cohorts of older people, and by extension, the organisation of social care.

scholarly journals CORESIDENCE OF OLDER PARENTS AND ADULT CHILDREN BENEFITS OLDER ADULTS’ PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: PATH ANALYSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S324-S324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soohyoung r Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Measurement ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Older Parents

Abstract Even though the coresidence of older parents and their adult children is no longer a rare phenomenon in current society, a little is known about the benefit of living with adult children from older adults’ perspectives compared to the risk of this living situation. Previous research suggests that older adults’ psychological well-being is low when they live with their adult children, and this become more salient among single parents, such as widowed or divorced. The current paper utilizes the National Health Measurement Study with a sample of age 55 and over, and their SF-36 Mental Health Component score, and psychological well-being self-acceptance score was measured. Path analysis reveals while mental health and psychological well-being scores are lower among single older adults at the time of the survey (e.g., divorced, widowed) than non-single, coresidence of older adults and adult children completely mediates the negative relationship between being single and both mental health psychological well-being. A complete mediation effect of living with an adult child on older adults’ mental health and psychological well-being is consistent with both white and non-white minority older adults. This suggests that living with adult child benefits older adults’ mental health and psychological well-being. The current study seeks to stimulate ideas that might generate the next answer to community-based care in our current aging society.

Contribution of older urban residents

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Katherine Kline
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Older People ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Persons With Disabilities

UN-Habitat’s biennial World Urban Forum (WUF9) took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia this year from 7-13 February.  Following 18 months after Habitat III, its theme appropriately focused on “Cities 2030, Cities for All”.I participated as the co-chair of the General Assembly of Partners (GAP) official civil society group for older persons. Given very limited resources, we organized several panels with others: an official 2 hour Older Persons Roundtable; one with GAP Persons with Disabilities on accessibility and universal design; another representing older women as part of the Women’s Assembly; a fourth contributing the civil society perspective to one by Business & Industry; and a fifth organized by City Space Architecture focusing on the importance of safe and accessible public spaces which can reduce isolation faced by many older urban residents.Urbanisation and population ageing are century defining demographic trends. Over 500 million urban residents are older people. Yet cities everywhere are failing to address the changes brought about by global population ageing with increasing inequality and insecurity. Physical, social and economic barriers prevent older people in particular from fully enjoying their rights and living in dignity and safety in cities. By 2030, older persons are expected to account for over 25 percent of the population in Europe and northern America, 17 percent in Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and six percent in Africa. Over half the ageing population, 289 million, currently lives in low- and middle-income countries, and is increasingly concentrated in urban areas. Older persons are the fastest growing population group globally, expected to reach 22% by 2050 (UNDESA 2017). In 2015, 58% of the world’s people aged 60 and over resided in urban areas, up from 50% in 2000.

scholarly journals What Role for the Law in Regulating Older People’s Property and Financial Arrangements with Adult Children? The Case of Family Accommodation Arrangements

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Somes ◽  
Eileen Webb
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Older Person ◽  
Family Accommodation ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Law ◽  
Financial Arrangements

To some older people, the prospect of moving in with family to be ‘cared for’ as they age has considerable appeal. For example, an older person may choose to sell his or her home, invest the money in a child’s property through the construction of a ‘granny-flat’ or extension and live in that property. If such arrangements are successful, the older person is likely to enjoy the companionship and support of family as he or she grows older. Unfortunately, the legal position of the older person if ‘something goes wrong’ is precarious. In the absence of a legislation addressing family accommodation or ‘assets for care’ arrangements written agreement, the older person must navigate the vagaries of several complex areas of law, particularly constructive trusts and estoppel, and endure the stress of proceeding against family members. This article discusses the shortcomings in the existing legal regimen and makes recommendations to provide legal protection for older people entering into such arrangements.

scholarly journals LIVES WORSE THAN DEATH: ADULT CHILDREN ARE POOR AT ESTIMATING PARENTS’ QUALITY-OF-LIFE VALUATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S636-S636
Author(s):  
Matthew Pichiello ◽  
Meghan McDarby ◽  
Elissa K Kozlov ◽  
Brian Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Feeding Tube ◽  
Health State ◽  
Worth Living ◽  
Health States ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Adult children often help older parents make medical decisions when their health is compromised. To do so in a way that respects parent values requires children to know how their parent views health states and consequent quality of life. The current study compared older parent and adult child valuations of quality of life in different health contexts. Families consisted of older parents (n = 37) and their adult children (n = 66). Parents rated perceived quality of life in 14 compromised health states on a scale from 1 (difficult but acceptable) to 5 (not worth living). Children estimated how their parent responded to each health state, yielding an index of their knowledge of parent perceptions. Overall, parents described all compromised health states as less acceptable than adult children thought they would, t(99) = 2.19, p < .05. Notably, parents believed situations that caused financial or emotional burden to their family were much less acceptable than their children estimated. Children were more knowledgeable about parent valuations for more extreme circumstances, such as living with a feeding tube. Within families, children demonstrated only slight knowledge about parent quality of life valuations (kappa = .081). Across the entire sample of families, there was a broad range of knowledge (kappas = -.181 – .351), but at best, knowledge was still only fair. Results from this study suggest that adult children may underestimate the impact of compromised health states on parent estimations of quality of life, which could affect collaborations on healthcare decisions.

THE IMPACT OF LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF OLDER PEOPLE ON INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS FROM THEIR ADULT CHILDREN IN CHINA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
QINGYUAN XUE ◽  
NOPPHOL WITVORAPONG
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Informal Care ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Intergenerational Transfers ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Monetary Transfers ◽  
Social Security Reforms ◽  
The Impact

Based on three waves of the nationally representative survey conducted in 2005, 2008-2009, and 2011-2012, this study investigates the effect of living arrangements on intergenerational transfers in China. Outcomes of interest include monetary transfers, contact, informal care, and emotional support that adult children provide to older parents. Both actual living arrangements and the discrepancy between actual and preferred living arrangements are considered. Endogeneity bias is accounted for through fixed-effects instrumental-variable regression modeling. It is found that co-residence serves as a substitute for monetary transfers and is positively associated with the probability that parents would receive contact, informal care and emotional support from adult children. Living alone with children in the same city is positively associated with the receipt of monetary transfers and contact by older parents but is not statistically related to the other two outcomes. There is an expressed desire for independent living among older people, which impacts transfer behaviors in a complex manner. This study provides a better understanding of the role of the family amidst ongoing social security reforms in China.

Population ageing in Oceania

2017 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Leon Flicker ◽  
Ngaire Kerse
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The region of Oceania describes a collection of islands scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean between Asia and the Americas. The region is vast and largely covered by ocean. There are four subregions of this region including Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), Melanesia (Papua and New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia), Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia and Guam), and Polynesia (includes French Polynesia, Samoa, Tonga, Tokalau, and Niue). Australasia is relatively affluent and developed with an ageing population, whereas the other nations are of a developing nature with relatively younger populations but will face dramatic population ageing over the next 40 years. Australasia has well-developed services for older people. The Indigenous populations of Australasia have worse health outcomes than the non-Indigenous populations. However, outside Australasia there is an urgent need to develop health and community services for older people in the remainder of the region.

scholarly journals Adult Children’s Problems and Mothers’ Well-Being

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Pillemer ◽  
J. Jill Suitor ◽  
Catherine Riffin ◽  
Megan Gilligan
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Parental Preference ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
Detrimental Impact

This article explores whether understanding of the effects of children’s problems on older parents’ well-being can be advanced by exploring differences in parent–child relationships within families. Using data from a study in which mothers reported on all adult children, we addressed the question: Do patterns of maternal favoritism moderate the impact of children’s problems on psychological well-being? Based on the literature on the effects of children’s problems and on parental favoritism, we hypothesized that problems in the lives of favored adult children will have a more detrimental impact than when they affect unfavored offspring. Results revealed strong and detrimental effects of any offspring’s problems on mothers’ well-being; these effects occurred, however, regardless of parental preference for an adult child. The findings suggest that the well-documented effects of parental preference may be limited in domains such as problems and difficult transitions in adult children’s lives.

scholarly journals It’s not ageing, stupid: why population ageing won’t bankrupt health systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahan Jayawardana ◽  
Jonathan Cylus ◽  
Elias Mossialos
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Price Growth

Abstract An ageing population is often viewed as a factor that will increase healthcare expenditures (HCE) to unsustainable levels. With nearly half the disease burden in high-income countries arising in older people, there are concerns that caring for a burgeoning older population that is sick and dependent on support will not be possible. The aim of this narrative review is to examine how population ageing is likely to affect future HCE growth. We find that despite the increasing share of older people over the next few decades, the changing age-mix will not be a significant driver of HCE growth. While older people, on average, incur higher per person healthcare spending than younger people, the proportions of the population at the oldest and most costly age groups increase very slowly over time. In the European Union, we estimate the changing age-mix to result in the increase of the average annual growth in per person health spending by no more than 0.6 additional percentage points per year between 2015 and 2050. Therefore, price growth and technological advancements, independent of population ageing, will be the main contributors to future HCE growth.

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