Electrical Safety

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Magee ◽  
Mark Tooley
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Electrical Safety ◽  
Leakage Currents ◽  
Underground Cables ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Zero Potential ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Earth Connection ◽  
The Uk

Domestic ‘mains’ systems in the UK use AC at 50 Hz. In the USA the systems use 60 Hz. These frequencies are used as they are efficient frequencies for transmission from power generation to the users and minimise the effect of leakage currents due to capacitance, which is discussed later in this chapter. The mains is initially generated in a power station and the power generated there (volts × amps) is enough to supply a number of hospitals and consumers. The voltage and the potential to do work must be transmitted to the user and this is usually achieved with overhead pylons, or sometimes by underground cables. Both types of cable will be designed to carry current, but the higher the current, the greater power lost to heat (I 2R). It is desirable to keep the current as low as possible to reduce this transmission heat loss, and this can be done by making the voltage as high as possible. For a given power, (V × I) there can be a high V and low I or vice versa. The transmission voltage is normally greater than 11 kV. It arrives at a domestic substation and is transformed down to (in the UK) 230 V RMS by a transformer. At the substation, as illustrated in Figure 6.1, one connection of the transformer is firmly bound to earth at what is called the star point, and this forms the start of what is called the neutral lead. The earth connection forms a vital part of electrical safety. The connection on the other side of the transformer is called the live lead and this is at 230 V RMS. These two leads are taken to the individual outlets or mains sockets, the live carrying the voltage to the load, and the neutral lead carrying the return current back to the source of the supply. The earth connection of the mains socket is connected back to the star point separately, although sometimes in older installations this can be earthed locally. In this way only one of the socket points is live, and the other is at near zero potential.

Conscientious Objection and the Politics of Cake-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-349
Author(s):  
Richard Moon
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Conscientious Objection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Religiously Based

Abstract In two recent cases, one in the USA and the other in the UK, courts have considered conscientious objection claims made by cake bakers who objected to providing a cake for the celebration/advocacy of same-sex marriage. I will argue that the issue in these cases is not the reasonable balance between the individual’s religious interests and the interests or rights of others in the community but is instead whether the individual’s religiously based objection should be viewed as an expression of personal religious conscience or as a (religiously grounded) civic position or action that falls outside the scope of religious freedom protection. In determining whether a conscientious objection should be viewed as a personal/spiritual matter or instead as a civic/political position, two factors are relevant. The first is whether the individual is being required to perform the particular act (to which she/he objects) because she/he holds a special position not held by others. The other factor is the relative remoteness/proximity of the act that the objector is required to perform from the act that she/he considers to be inherently immoral. The more remote the legally required action, the more likely we are to regard the objection as a political position.

scholarly journals Impact of Ownership Structure on Bank Profitability in Nigeria

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-183
Author(s):  
Uhomoibhi Aburime Toni
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Bank Profitability ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Finance Theory ◽  
Political Economic

Ownership structure is considered an important factor that affects a firm’s health. If ownership structure affects a firm’s health, it is possible then to use the ownership structure to predict firm profitability. Against this backdrop, this paper analyzes the relationship between ownership structure and bank profitability in Nigeria. There are two motivations for this paper. Firstly, midway into the banks consolidation exercise in Nigeria, the CBN identified the need for a determination of the most appropriate composition of bank capitalization that would enhance the individual and systemic profitability and efficiency of banks in Nigeria post-consolidation. Hence, it decided to minimize state governments’ investment in banks during the exercise and also issued a December 2007 ultimatum to all tiers of governments that have stakes in banks to dilute their investments to a maximum of 10 per cent. Unfortunately, the CBN did not state any econometrically-based rationale giving credence to its directives. Secondly, the effect of ownership structure and concentration on a firm’s performance is an important issue in the literature of finance theory. However, no researcher has studied this important aspect of finance theory in the Nigerian context. It is worth noting that most research on ownership structure and firm performance has been dominated by studies conducted in developed countries. However, there is an increasing awareness that theories originating from developed countries such as the USA and the UK may have limited applicability to emerging markets. Emerging markets have different characteristics such as different political, economic and institutional conditions, which limit the application of developed markets’ empirical models.

scholarly journals What Affects Garment Lifespans? International Clothing Practices Based on a Wardrobe Survey in China, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9151
Author(s):  
Kirsi Laitala ◽  
Ingun Grimstad Klepp
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
The Uk

Increasing the length of clothing lifespans is crucial for reducing the total environmental impacts. This article discusses which factors contribute to the length of garment lifespans by studying how long garments are used, how many times they are worn, and by how many users. The analysis is based on quantitative wardrobe survey data from China, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the USA. Variables were divided into four blocks related respectively to the garment, user, garment use, and clothing practices, and used in two hierarchical multiple regressions and two binary logistic regressions. The models explain between 11% and 43% of the variation in clothing lifespans. The garment use block was most indicative for the number of wears, while garment related properties contribute most to variation in the number of users. For lifespans measured in years, all four aspects were almost equally important. Some aspects that affect the lifespans of clothing cannot be easily changed (e.g., the consumer’s income, nationality, and age) but they can be used to identify where different measures can have the largest benefits. Several of the other conditions that affect lifespans can be changed (e.g., garment price and attitudes towards fashion) through quality management, marketing strategies, information, and improved consumer policies.

Chapter I. The Home Economy

1975 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 8-21
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Economies

The economy appears to be reaching the bottom of the cycle. Industrial production after a precipitous drop in the second quarter has levelled off since May. Retail prices have decelerated to show month on month rises at annual rates near to 10 per cent since July. The current account deficit, after falling sharply from 1974 levels in the first half of the year, increased again in the third quarter to an annual rate of £2½ billion. The growth of M3 has recently started to exceed the inflation rate, which it has not done since 1973 IV. These indicators suggest that the UK is at this point lagging only a few months behind Japan and the USA and barely if at all behind the other major European economies (see Chapter 2). Unemployment, a lagging indicator, continues to rise in this country, but has started to turn down in the United States and appears to be levelling off in Japan, Germany and France.

Pregnancy in adolescence: incidence and outcome in European countries

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (S5) ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Deschamps ◽  
G. Valantin
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
School Health ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Pregnancy In Adolescence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Clinical Problems

Pregnancy in adolescence is now a very great concern for doctors, teachers and social workers throughout the world and yet about 95% of the publications on this topic have come from the USA. The remainder are mainly from the UK and Scandinavia. Other countries have produced only a small number of papers, focusing mainly on clinical problems such as the pathological events and complications during pregnancy or delivery. In France, the first paper to appear in a paediatric journal was published in 1977 in the French journal of school health (Martin, 1977). On the other hand, teenage magazines often contain articles about sexual behaviour and pregnancy in adolescence. There is now a great concern in the adolescents' press about the problems of sexuality, contraception, abortion and pregnancy, including advertising for pregnancy tests.

THE USE OF CUMULATIVE RESISTANCE IN EARTH-RESISTIVITY SURVEYS

1945 ◽  
Vol 23a (4) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ruedy
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
Earth Resistivity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Individual

When the soil is assumed to consist of two layers—the upper of resistivity ρ1 and the lower of resistivity ρ2—and cumulative resistances are calculated by adding or integrating the earth-resistivity functions for intervals that are a fraction of the thickness of the upper layer, a practically linear relation is obtained between the cumulative resistance and the electrode spacing until the distance between the electrodes is equal to the thickness of the upper material. Should one of the materials be at least twice as conducting as the other, the extent of the deviation from the linear law enables the determination of the depth of the upper stratum and of the ratio between the resistivities of the two layers. When three layers are present and the middle layer is at least twice as thick as the top stratum, the thicknesses may be deduced from the two departures of the cumulative resistances from the linear law. Since these conclusions are based on the theory of the individual apparent resistivity of stratified ground at various electrode spacings, they have the same range of application as the earth-resistivity curves, but the occurrence of straight line graphs facilitates the plotting and the interpretation of results based on a necessarily limited number of measurements.

scholarly journals Metabolic balance of zinc, copper, cadmium, iron, molybdenum and selenium in young New Zealand women

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion F. Robinson ◽  
Joan M. McKenzie ◽  
Christine D. Thompson ◽  
Anita L. Van Rij
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

1. Metabolic balance studies of zinc, copper, cadmium, iron, molybdenum and selenium were made on four young New Zealand women, using brilliant blue and chromic oxide as faecal markers.2. Zn, Cu, Cd and Fe concentrations in foods, faeces and urine were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, whereas Mo was determined spectrophotometrically with dithiol and Se fluorimetrically with diaminonaphthalene.3. The dietary intakes of Zn, Cu and Fe were similar to those reported in the USA and the UK, whereas those of Cd, Mo and Se were less. The subjects ate a diet consisting of foods normally consumed by New Zealand women.4. For each subject there was little variation in the urinary output of each element for three 6 d periods. Day-to-day variation was small for each subject. The individual variation in urinary output of each element among the subjects was smaller when expressed as a ratio of intake, except for Mo.Retentions were small for Zn, Cu and Fe, all elements which are poorly absorbed. Balances of Se, Mo and possibly Cd were in equilibrium.

Shared-operation models for institutional repositories

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-221
Author(s):  
Jane Cho
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Host Institution ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Operation Model ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Institutional Repositories ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Library Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

The institutional repositories of most university libraries in Korea are not activated due to the lack of finance, operation ability, technology, etc., and this phenomenon is especially noticeable in small–medium sized university libraries. Thus, as in other countries, a shared repository that multiple libraries share, based on a library network, is required. This study categorizes the typology of shared repositories, after analyzing the operational methods of managing roles, expenses and system sharing among participants in shared repositories in Japan, the UK and the USA. Based on the findings, two models that could be applied in Korea are suggested. The first is a centralized-operation model that involves a shared-system infrastructure in which the host institution takes full charge of the digitization and registration of contents, etc. This model has the potential to be developed into a regional archive center. The second model is a decentralized-operation model that also features a shared-system infrastructure but the participating institutions customize the system individually. Here, the individual institutions perform digitization of all content, daily registration, etc., which can be applied as a test bed for the creation of new technology, considering the potential for independent operation in the future.

Scandals of abuse: policy responses in intellectual disabilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mark Halladay ◽  
Charlene Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Descriptive Case Study ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare two scandals related to the care of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) in the USA and the UK. Design/methodology/approach – A descriptive case study methodology was used to conduct an in-depth qualitative analysis of the two scandals to examine the process of scandal development, and to survey the policy response against policy trends and theories of abuse in each case. The two cases were systematically analysed against a theoretical framework derived from Bonnie and Wallace (2003) theoretical framework for understanding abuse based on its sociocultural context, the social embeddedness of organisations providing care, and the individual level characteristics and interactions of subjects and carers. Findings – In both cases the process of scandal construction was comparable, and each case offered confirmatory support to extant theories of abuse, and to wider policy trends within I/DD. Research limitations/implications – The study examines only the short-term policy responses to the scandals in two countries, based on published material only. Originality/value – This paper contributes an international comparison of the similarities and differences in the social construction of scandal and the policy responses to abuse and neglect of a vulnerable population using systematic analytical frameworks.

(the other survivor on that day was another Australian soap, Home and Away). Before treating the institutonal and textual factors which contributed to Neighbours’s success in the UK specifically, I propose ten textual reasons for its success in a range of territories. Several of these factors are noted in British press commentary, which accounted retrospectively for the massive success of Neighbours. Neighbours persisted in its success, similarly to Crocodile Dundee in 1986 in the USA, where it obliged two major film critics, Vincent Canby and Andrew Sarris, to reconsider it after they had farmed out reviews to second stringers on the film’s first appearance (Crofts 1992: 223). 1 The everyday The programme urges identification with profoundly everyday experiences: personal problems, desires, worries, fears, minor misunderstandings, romance, low-key domestic arguments. In negative accounts, the “everyday” becomes “trivial” and “banal” “dog-attackscat” stories, or, in the words of one French journal, “these clumsily intrusive neighbours whose greatest existential anguish consists in having to choose between two colours of wallpaper” (Brugière 1989: 51). Neighbours’s ordinariness and predictability largely shun the melodramatic, the concatenation of incidents, the excessive. In the words of producer, Mark Callan: We try to keep everything as simple as possible and direct it at the ordinary things that occur in every household and within every neighbourhood. We are often tempted to use a sensational story, but we pull back and say: “That’s not likely to happen.” We do best when we portray the mundane in an entertaining way. (quoted by Galvin 1988) Testimony to the success of this strategy is found in the observations of Lucy Janes, a 15-year-old Scot whose age is typical of the program’s principal demographic target. She talks about the plot – predictable, filled with clichés and relatively simple (particularly compared to Dynasty and Dallas where each character has been married to each of the others at least twice). You can play an amusing little game because of the predictability. Try to guess what he/she is going to say next. It’s easier than you think and gives the viewer a feeling of participation and achievement. (Janes 1988) Identification is encouraged by the everyday tempo and rhythm, the invariable use of eye-level camera and a thoroughly utilitarian visual style which draws no attention to itself (even Home and Away appears a little mannered in comparison). (As at July 1992, when research for this section of the chapter was completed, there were signs of Neighbours’s adopting a flashier and more sexually explicit style.)

2002 ◽  
pp. 109-109
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Visual Style ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Everyday Experiences ◽  
British Press ◽  
The Uk
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