Measuring Health Inequity: A Public Health Ethics Inquiry

2019 ◽  
pp. 300-312
Author(s):  
Yukiko Asada
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
Health Inequity ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Definition Of Health ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Interdisciplinary Integration

This chapter discusses ethical considerations that arise in three essential tasks for measuring health inequity in public health: defining health inequity, empirically operationalizing the chosen definition of health inequity, and quantifying the magnitude of health inequity. The first section introduces some of the definitions of health inequity and health inequality proposed in relevant literatures. The second section discusses some of the important strategies used to incorporate, explicitly and transparently, these various perspectives of health inequity into its measurement. The third section outlines some of the key ethical considerations that arise in choosing indices to quantify the magnitude of health inequity. Measurement of health inequity requires consideration of ethics, methods, and policy. Interdisciplinary integration of these three considerations is critical for its further advance.

An Overview of Health Disparities in the Context of Public Health Ethics

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Health Inequity ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

Health disparities have increasingly become an important area of examination for public health ethics. This chapter provides an overview of the ethics of health disparities, one of the dedicated sections of The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics. It begins with background on health disparities and socioeconomic status, including a brief summary of some of the seminal research on the subject. It then provides an overview of the chapters in this section of the handbook, which address (1) the social determinants of health and the ethics and social justice arguments for reducing health disparities, (2) racial and ethnic health disparities, (3) some conflicts that arise between reducing health disparities and advancing population health, and (4) ethical considerations in the measurement of health inequity.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Health of African Americans Using a Public Health Ethics Lens

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rueben Warren
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Health Differences ◽  
The Individual

Health inequalities are preventable. Differences in health status chronicled by race, age, sex, income, or geographic locale have existed ever since federal record keeping began. Various terms describing these differences have created diversions for effectively addressing them. Some population terms include health risks, health differences, health markers, and health disparities. However, none of these descriptors influences health outcomes. At the individual level, deviations from health described as illness, sickness, and disease are often erroneously used interchangeably. Bioethics and public health ethics are essential to avoid repeating historical research and healthcare violations. Ignoring ethical considerations will delay health improvements among African Americans.

scholarly journals (IN)VISIBLE CHILDREN AND COVID-19: HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN PUBLIC HEALTH ETHICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
JAN GRESIL S. KAHAMBING
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Child Deaths

This paper appraises the link of public health ethics to human trafficking, especially on children. Taking from the more visible reports of child deaths from the virus, I focus on child health as an emphasis on how during this COVID-19 crisis, abuse and violence are also there albeit hidden. The range of clandestine operations concerning this issue in the Philippines seem to be broad and persistent. While local emergency ethics focuses on varying ways that contextualize – and locate special visible forms of – vulnerabilities from local citizens amid disasters, some vulnerabilities arise only within shrouded and surreptitious set-ups in public health ethics. Recognizing the hazards that lie in carefully categorizing visible and invisible vulnerabilities, human trafficking that preys on children is one invisible vulnerability that might gradually be pending in the sidelines. With the myriad of concerns on different fronts, there is a greater risk that this furtive issue might be treated subpar with other public health ethical considerations.

scholarly journals Enhancing the collectivist critique: accounts of the human enhancement debate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Specific Enhancement ◽  
Future Child ◽  
Common Problems

AbstractIndividualist ethical analyses in the enhancement debate have often prioritised or only considered the interests and concerns of parents and the future child. The collectivist critique of the human enhancement debate argues that rather than pure individualism, a focus on collectivist, or group-level ethical considerations is needed for balanced ethical analysis of specific enhancement interventions. Here, I defend this argument for the insufficiency of pure individualism. However, existing collectivist analyses tend to take a negative approach that hinders them from adequately contributing to balanced ethical analysis, and often leads to a prohibitive stance. I argue this is due to two common problems with collectivist analyses: inappropriate acceptance of individualist assumptions, and failure to appropriately weigh individual vs collective ethical considerations. To further develop the collectivist critique in the enhancement debate, I suggest we may look to collectivism in public health ethics, which avoids these problems.

An Overview of Ethics and Environmental Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 697-703
Author(s):  
David B. Resnik
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter provides an overview of the ethics of environmental health, and it introduces five chapters in the related section of The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics. A wide range of ethical issues arises in managing the relationship between human health and the environment, including regulation of toxic substances, air and water pollution, waste management, agriculture, the built environment, occupational health, energy production and use, environmental justice, population control, and climate change. The values at stake in environmental health ethics include those usually mentioned in ethical debates in biomedicine and public health, such as autonomy, social utility, and justice, as well as values that address environmental concerns, such as animal welfare, stewardship of biological resources, and sustainability. Environmental health ethics, therefore, stands at the crossroads of several disciplines, including public health ethics, environmental ethics, biomedical ethics, and business ethics.

An Overview of the Ethics of Injury in Public Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 597-603
Author(s):  
Adnan A. Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Prompt Attention ◽  
And Control

This chapter briefly introduces ethics issues in injury prevention and control in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), using a series of examples that prompt attention to the ethical principles of autonomy and justice. The chapter also introduces the section of The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics dedicated to an examination of injury and public health ethics, with attention given to the complex ethical challenges arising in injury prevention and control in LMICs. The section’s two chapters discuss public health ethics issues arising in the prevention and control of unintentional injuries and intentional injuries, respectively. Those chapters define a set of ethics issues within international injury work and provide an initial analysis of the nature of those ethics issues, their specificity, and potential pathways for addressing them.

scholarly journals Innovative methods in teaching public health ethics. The need to adapt to the new times: from challenge to opportunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Buron Pust ◽  
A Segura
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Teaching Strategies ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Master Of Public Health ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Parliamentary Debate ◽  
Massive Online Open Courses ◽  
Open Courses

Abstract Background Public Health Ethics (PHE) has been taught first as optional and later as a mandatory subject in the Master of Public Health in Barcelona for about 6 years. During these years, professors have adapted the methodology to make it more attractive and to maximize students' participation and time spent debating and practicing moral reasoning. Objectives To showcase 3 different teaching strategies or methods, presenting for each of them: resources required, outcomes so far in terms of satisfaction and exam performance, as well as the pros and cons from the teacher's perspective. Results Flipped-classroom strategy: theoretical content is delivered outside the classroom, and the practice into the classroom. Works well but needs incentives for compliance in reading. Versatile debating Methods: from parliamentary debate, to role-playing, online debate, etc. Depending on the Case-study, some work better than others; in the online they practice written deliberation skills, but it is important to set rules. MOOC: Massive Online Open Courses in PHE. Can be used as independent teaching material, it is a great tool to introduce PHE into other PH areas and non-teaching environments. Conclusions So far, these methods have proven to increase students' motivation and engagement in Public Health Ethics. Key messages Practising reflection and debating skills is an essential part of PHE. Modern teaching strategies, more interactive and online-based, can help maximising the time spent in these activities. Although challenging and time-consuming at first, these methods also increase students' interest in PHE.

A Public Health Ethics Model of Countering Violent Extremism

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-337
Author(s):  
Neil D. Shortland ◽  
Nicholas Evans ◽  
John Colautti
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Violent Extremism
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