Expertise in Aviation

2019 ◽  
pp. 661-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Wickens ◽  
Frederic Dehais
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Task Management ◽  
Loosely Coupled ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Very High

This chapter makes the distinction between the experience of aviation professionals, often quantified in terms of hours of flight time, or flight qualifications, and expertise, as revealed by high proficiency at aviation tasks. Very high proficiency defines the expert. Challenge results because of the difficulty in measuring such proficiency, particularly beyond the student pilot level, and in air traffic control. The chapter also reviews the literature that examines the relation between experience, differences in cognitive ability, and the expertise of aviation professionals as pertains to controlling the aircraft, navigating, and communicating, as well as pertains to non-technical skills manifest by both pilots and air traffic controllers: situation awareness, decision making, task management and crew resource management. It is concluded that experience is only loosely coupled with proficiency in these areas.

scholarly journals Correlation of Medical Knowledge and Non-Technical Skills Assessment in Anesthesia Residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-487
Author(s):  
Kasana Raksamani ◽  
Tachawan Jirativanont ◽  
Pavinee Sareenun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Skills Assessment ◽  
Task Management ◽  
Technical Skills Assessment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anesthesia Residents

Objective: Non-technical skills training and assessment has been implemented in anesthesia residency training program to improve quality of patient care but have not been properly assessed. We hypothesized that trainees with good knowledge correlated with good cognitive parts of non-technical skills.Methods: Seventy anesthesia residents (24 PGY-1, 24 PGY-2 and 22 PGY-3) were assessed for their knowledge by 180-item MCQs, 5 key-feature essay questions, and 18-station OSCE’s. Subsequently, a perioperative anesthesia crisis situation was set up in the simulation lab for all residents and was video recorded. Non-technical skills were assessed by 2 independent trained raters using Anesthetists’ Non-Technical Skills (ANTS) behavioral markers. The residents’ scores were calculated to find the correlation within the ANTS rating scale.Results: The mean scores of knowledge tests were 164.3 ±18.4 out of 300 [165.5 ±18.0, 154.7 ±16.3 and 173.6 ±16.4 for PGY-1, PGY-2 and PGY-3 respectively]. The mean scores of ANTS was divided into 4 categories (rating scale 1 to 4): task management 2.9 (±0.6), teamworking 3.0 (±0.5), situation awareness 2.9 (±0.8) and decision making 2.8 (±0.7). The knowledge test results moderately correlated with ANTS score in task management, situation awareness and decision making [r=0.382 (p<0.01), r=0.433 (p<0.001) and r=0.350 (p<0.01) respectively] and weakly correlated with the teamworking category (r=0.166, p=0.16).Conclusion: Resident’s scores showed moderate correlation with non-technical skills assessment results in cognitive skills. Non-technical skills are required to be trained and assessed together with knowledge to enhance the patient’s safety and outcome.

Aircraft approaching service of terminal control based on fuzzy control

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (22n24) ◽  
pp. 2040142
Author(s):  
Te-Jen Su ◽  
Kun-Liang Lo ◽  
Feng-Chun Lee ◽  
Yuan-Hsiu Chang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Control ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Fuzzy Theory ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Terminal Control ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers

Aircraft approaching is the most dangerous phase in every complete flight. To solve the pressure of air traffic controllers and the landings delayed problems caused by the huge air traffic flow in Terminal Control Area (TCA), an automatic Air Traffic Control (ATC) instructions system is initially designed in this paper. It applies the fuzzy theory to make instant and appropriate decisions which can be transmitted via Controller-Pilot Datalink Communications (CPDLC). By means of the designed system, the decision-making time can be saved and the human factors can be reduced to avoid the flight accidents and further delays in aircraft approaching.

Developing a Decision Support Interface for Surface Domain Air Traffic Controllers

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Martin ◽  
Savita Verma ◽  
Deborah Ballinger ◽  
Victor Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
Interface Management ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Time Simulation ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
Automation Tools ◽  
The Impact

The effects of advanced automation tools on the air traffic control tower environment were assessed through a real-time simulation study. One focus of the study was the impact that advanced tools would have on controllers' roles and work patterns. Participants controlled simulated traffic during 45-minute scenarios, and reported their perceived workload and experience of using a prototype automation tool. Perceived workload was significantly reduced in the advanced automation conditions, more so as the automation assumed more functions. Participants interacted a great deal with the automation in these conditions, a notable proportion of which was interface management. Despite generally liking the tool, controllers reported the automation had assumed all of their role's decision-making responsibilities and left them with mechanical tasks. It is concluded that a more artful allocation of functions is required if controllers are to be engaged in their task when using advanced automation tools.

Integration of conflict resolution automation and vertical situation display for on-ground air traffic control operations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Fitri Trapsilawati ◽  
Chun-Hsien Chen ◽  
Chris D. Wickens ◽  
Xingda Qu
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers

Abstract Both conflict resolution aid (CRA) and vertical situation display (VSD) systems may contribute to air traffic control (ATC) operations. However, their effectiveness still needs to be examined before being widely adopted in ATC facilities. This study aims to examine empirically the use of CRA and VSD as well as the systems’ interaction in ATC operations. It was found that CRA benefited conflict resolution performance by 13⋅7% and lowered workload by 46⋅4% compared with manually performing the task. The VSD could also reduce the air traffic controllers’ (ATCOs) workload and improve their situation awareness. Ultimately, when the first CRA failure occurred, the situation awareness supported by VSD offset the performance decrements by 30%. The findings from this study demonstrate that integrating VSD with CRA would benefit ATC operations, regardless of the CRA's imperfection.

scholarly journals Visual Search and Conflict Mitigation Strategies Used by Expert en Route Air Traffic Controllers

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Ricardo Palma Fraga ◽  
Ziho Kang ◽  
Jerry M. Crutchfield ◽  
Saptarshi Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Conflict Mitigation

The role of the en route air traffic control specialist (ATCS) is vital to maintaining safety and efficiency within the National Airspace System (NAS). ATCSs must vigilantly scan the airspace under their control and adjacent airspaces using an En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) radar display. The intent of this research is to provide an understanding of the expert controller visual search and aircraft conflict mitigation strategies that could be used as scaffolding methods during ATCS training. Interviews and experiments were conducted to elicit visual scanning and conflict mitigation strategies from the retired controllers who were employed as air traffic control instructors. The interview results were characterized and classified using various heuristics. In particular, representative visual scanpaths were identified, which accord with the interview results of the visual search strategies. The highlights of our findings include: (1) participants used systematic search patterns, such as circular, spiral, linear or quadrant-based, to extract operation-relevant information; (2) participants applied an information hierarchy when aircraft information was cognitively processed (altitude -> direction -> speed); (3) altitude or direction changes were generally preferred over speed changes when imminent potential conflicts were mitigated. Potential applications exist in the implementation of the findings into the training curriculum of candidates.

Stress Management and Air Traffic Control Trainees: Development and Evaluation of a New Training Course

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1155-1159
Author(s):  
Jamie D. Barrett ◽  
Brett Torrence ◽  
Michelle Bryant ◽  
Linda Pierce ◽  
Julia Buck
Keyword(s):  
Stress Management ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Stress Management Training ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Aerospace Medical ◽  
And Performance

The primary mission of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is to maintain the safety of the National Airspace System (NAS). As part of this mission, the FAA is tasked with ensuring that future air traffic controllers are adequately trained to perform the high-risk job of directing air traffic. The FAA Academy curriculum for newly hired controllers involves 3-4 months of intensive lessons and performance assessments. It has been suggested that this training program is quite stressful, and successful trainees tend to be those who can better manage stress. To support ATC trainees, researchers at the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) have conducted operational research to develop and evaluate a stress management training to help trainees manage their stress during training at the FAA Academy.

Redisign of the Air Traffic Control System-Moving People through Distributed Management

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 485-485
Author(s):  
John G. Kreifeldt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Control System ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Congressional Hearings ◽  
The Future ◽  
Traffic Control System

The present national Air Traffic Control system is a ground-centralized, man intensive system which through design allows relatively little meaningful pilot participation in decision making. The negative impact of this existing design can be measured in delays, dollars and lives. The FAA's design plans for the future ATC system will result in an even more intensive ground-centralized system with even further reduction of pilot decision making participation. In addition, controllers will also be removed from on-line decision making through anticipated automation of some or all of this critical function. Recent congressional hearings indicate that neither pilots nor controllers are happy or sanguine regarding the FAA's design for the future ATC system.

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