A RANK STATISTIC FOR ASSESSING THE AMOUNT OF VARIATION EXPLAINED BY RISK FACTORS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

1979 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIANG LIU ◽  
ALAN R. DYER
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Rank Statistic ◽  
Variation Explained

Potential of Selected Indian Herbs for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra Verma ◽  
Vaibhav Misra ◽  
Dileep Tiwari ◽  
Prakash S. Bisen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
First Case ◽  
Ocimum Tenuiflorum ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Introduction: Many environmental risk factors are associated with some form of chronic inflammation. The spread of COVID-19 across the world has impacted every one of us. The first case of coronavirus was reported on 30 January 2020 in India originating from China. Study Area: India has a tremendous capacity to deal with the coronavirus outbreak because of its high immunity and climatic conditions. Maintaining social distancing and hand washing is not a sufficient step for preventing COVID-19. Indian system of traditional medicine has a potential worth to enhance immunity, which can resist a novel coronavirus. Material & Methods: A detailed study was carried out by analyzing national and international scientific databases (PubMed, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science, Mendeley), thesis, and recognized books. Only Indian herbs with high immunity resistant power were analyzed. Epidemiologic studies with information on COVID-19 risk factors and precautions also considered for study purposes. Results: Some herbs like Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice), Curcuma domestica Vahl (Turmeric), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Cinnamon (Dalchini), Shoot of Triticumaestivum Linn. (Wheatgrass), Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh), can help in boosting immunity for COVID-19 disease. Discussion: Despite the shreds of evidence for the efficacy of these herbs in treating coronavirus induced infections; the proper dose with ideal timing for such interventions needs to verify in clinical trials. Researchers must have to take the privilege to explore the potential of herbs to reduce such epidemics of environmental threats.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Causes, and Consequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane C Lim ◽  
Richard J Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Underlying Diseases

As part one of the three chapters on sleep-disordered breathing, this chapter reviews obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) epidemiology, causes, and consequences. When comparing OSA prevalence between 1988 to 1994 and 2007 to 2010, we observe that OSA is rapidly on the rise, paralleling increasing rates in obesity. Global epidemiologic studies indicate that there are differences specific to ethnicity with Asians presenting with OSA at a lower body mass index than Caucasians. We have learned that structural and physiologic factors increase the risk of OSA and both can be influenced by genetics. Structural risk factors include craniofacial bony restriction, changes in fat distribution, and the size of the upper airway muscles. Physiologic risk factors include airway collapsibility, loop gain, pharyngeal muscle responsiveness, and arousal threshold. The consequences of OSA include daytime sleepiness and exacerbation of many underlying diseases. OSA has been associated with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiac arrhythmias; pulmonary hypertension; metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome; mild cognitive impairment or dementia; and cancer. This review contains 4 figures, 1 table and 48 references. Key Words: cardiac consequences, craniofacial bony restriction, epidemiology, fat distribution, metabolic disease, neurodegeneration, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea

scholarly journals Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Disease: Emerging Evidence on Potential Associations with Angina, Myocardial Infarction and Stroke

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-145
Author(s):  
Rahi Victory ◽  
Michael P Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Considerable Concern ◽  
Increases In Risk

Associations between combined estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives (OCs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have long been the focus of considerable concern. Initial, epidemiologic studies demonstrated increased risks of potential complications including deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction and stroke. While the studies regarding venous thromboembolism consistently demonstrate at least some degree of risk associated with OC use, recent studies of both current and past OC users indicate that the association with arterial disease is dynamic, changing rapidly as OC formulations and OC-user populations change. As physicians increase selection, screening and monitoring of OC users, a healthier OC-user population is developing. Thus, many newer studies are demonstrating rates of angina and myocardial infarction that are either lower or the same as that of non-users, unless pre-existing risk factors are present leading to potential increases in risk of CVD. The evidence with regards to strokes is more complicated and controversial. While further study is necessary, current evidence suggests that OC use provides significant contraceptive benefits with minimal potential adverse effects in healthy users. The potential for CVD reduction in selected OC users merits the highest priority for further investigation.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of aortic valve calcification: the LDL-density-radius theory: a translation from cell signaling to physiology

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. H5-H15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini M. Rajamannan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Severe Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Early Stages

Recent epidemiologic studies have revealed the risk factors associated for vascular atherosclerosis, including the male sex, smoking, hypertension, and elevated serum cholesterol, similar to the risk factors associated with the development of AV stenosis. An increasing number of models of experimental hypercholesterolemia demonstrate features of atherosclerosis in the AV, which are similar to the early stages of vascular atherosclerotic lesions. Experimental and clinical studies demonstrate that the hypercholesterolemic AV develops an atherosclerotic lesion which is proliferative and expresses high levels of osteoblast bone markers which mineralize over time to form bone. Calcification, the end-stage process of the disease, is necessary to understand as a prognostic indicator in the modification of this cellular process before it is too late. In summary, these findings suggest that medical therapies may have a potential role in patients in the early stages of this disease process to slow the progression to severe aortic stenosis and to delay the timing of the need for surgery. The translation of these experimental studies to clinical practice will be important to understand the potential for medical therapy for this disease process.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic studies of stroke in Shibata, a Japanese provincial city: preliminary report on risk factors for cerebral infarction.

Stroke ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Tanaka ◽  
M Hayashi ◽  
C Date ◽  
K Imai ◽  
M Asada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Provincial City

Parenchymal Kidney Cancer Today: Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
D. Marcolina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Coke Production ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Occupational Risk Factors ◽  
Carcinogenic Substance ◽  
Occupational Risks ◽  
Carcinogenic Substances ◽  
By Products

In the last few years, mortality rates for kidney cancer have increased. Occupational kidney cancer is a recently-identified disease. The purpose of this work is to point out the environmental and occupational factors correlated with this pathology. IARC carcinogenic-substance lists and principal national and international epidemiologic studies are analyzed. Some professions prove to be correlated with kidney cancer: carbon coke production (clearly carcinogenic); cadmium and by-products (probably carcinogenic); lead and by-products (possibly carcinogenic). Most epidemiologic studies have shown a correlation between kidney cancer and exposure to petroleum and distillates, even if results are not significant. Therefore further epidemiologic studies of workers are necessary in order to define carcinogenic substances and the occupational risks.

scholarly journals Assessing the Risk and Prognosis of Thrombotic Complications in Cancer Patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 137 (9) ◽  
pp. 1286-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Kyriazi ◽  
Elisavet Theodoulou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Thrombotic Event ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
Thrombotic Risk ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
Lung Malignancies ◽  
After Cancer

Context.—Cancer is characterized by the development of a prothrombotic state. Approximately 15% to 20% and 1.5% to 3.1% of cancer patients develop venous and arterial thrombosis, respectively, whereas 18% to 20% of idiopathic venous events are caused by an occult neoplasia. The highest risk is observed in hematologic, gastrointestinal, and lung malignancies, as well as in patients with active disease, especially in the first 3 months after cancer diagnosis. Hospitalization, surgical interventions, and implanted venous devices increase the thrombotic risk. Patients with metastatic disease, febrile neutropenia, infections, and severe comorbidities experience more frequently a thrombotic event. A contemporary prechemotherapy predictive model incorporates both clinical and biologic parameters, such as the primary cancer site, platelet count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, use of erythropoietic agents, and body mass index. Several studies aim to clarify the prognostic value of tissue factor, P-selectin, thrombin generation, microparticles, and D-dimers. Objectives.—To summarize current views on epidemiology, risk factors, and predictive variables, discussing the future perspectives and existing limitations in clinical practice. Data Sources.—Review of published literature, including review papers, epidemiologic studies, and clinical trials, in online medical databases. Conclusions.—The thrombogenic properties of tumor cells affect the prognosis and quality of life for the cancer population. Despite the improved awareness and prompt use of thromboprophylaxis, recent studies reported increased rates of thrombotic events, whereas the annual risks for thrombosis recurrence and bleeding are 21% and 12%, respectively. The clinical use of risk factors and prognostic parameters could allow for patient risk stratification and individualization of anticoagulant treatment.

Gender and the development of conduct disorder

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Zoccolillo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Base Rates

AbstractA discussion of gender and conduct disorder must first answer the basic questions of whether or not there are any differences in prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of conduct disorder by sex. Several epidemiologic studies have found no difference in the prevalence of conduct disorder in adolescence by sex. Correlates of conduct disorder in girls are similar to those in boys (including aggression and internalizing disorders), once base rates of the correlates are accounted for. A major problem in studying conduct disorder in girls is the lack of appropriate criteria; theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual(3rd ed., rev.) criteria are not appropriate for girls. A case is made for sex-specific criteria for conduct disorder that take into account known differences in male and female childhood cultures and base-rate differences in aggression and criminality. Until basic issues of diagnosis and prevalence are resolved, other issues such as risk factors and developmental pathways cannot be successfully addressed.

scholarly journals Biological considerations of plasma-derived and recombinant factor VIII immunogenicity

Blood ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (24) ◽  
pp. 3147-3154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Lai ◽  
Christine Hough ◽  
Julie Tarrant ◽  
David Lillicrap
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Inhibitor Development ◽  
Recombinant Fviii

Abstract In hemophilia A, the most severe complication of factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy involves the formation of FVIII neutralizing antibodies, also known as inhibitors, in 25% to 30% of patients. This adverse event is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and economic burden, thus highlighting the need to identify methods to limit FVIII immunogenicity. Inhibitor development is regulated by a complex balance of genetic factors, such as FVIII genotype, and environmental variables, such as coexistent inflammation. One of the hypothesized risk factors of inhibitor development is the source of the FVIII concentrate, which could be either recombinant or plasma derived. Differential immunogenicity of these concentrates has been documented in several recent epidemiologic studies, thus generating significant debate within the hemophilia treatment community. To date, these discussions have been unable to reach a consensus regarding how these outcomes might be integrated into enhancing clinical care. Moreover, the biological mechanistic explanations for the observed differences are poorly understood. In this article, we complement the existing epidemiologic investigations with an overview of the range of possible biochemical and immunologic mechanisms that may contribute to the different immune outcomes observed with plasma-derived and recombinant FVIII products.

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