Relation of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Attack and Fusiform Rust Infection in Loblolly Pine Families

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. Hedden ◽  
Roger P. Belanger ◽  
Harry R. Powers ◽  
Thomas Miller
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth ◽  
Combined Control ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between pine tip moth attack and fusiform rust infection was studied in a 12-year-old loblolly pine stand in Houston County, GA. Four pine families were selected for study, and 24 trees of each family were felled for evaluation. The lower 8 ft of each tree was cut into two 4-ft sections and split to reveal the pith. Each section was examined for evidence of pine tip moth attack and the presence of fusiform rust galls. The analysis revealed 476 tip moth attacks and 99 fusiform rust galls. Forty-six of the rust galls occurred at the same place as a tip moth attack. These results, when combined with those of previous studies, suggest that the control of the pine tip moth may reduce the incidence of fusiform rust. Growth and yield simulations and economic analyses indicate that insecticide treatment of loblolly pine for the combined control of the pine tip moth and the associated reduction in levels of fusiform rust infection may be potentially cost effective in stands managed for sawtimber, but not for pulpwood. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):204-208.

scholarly journals Families of loblolly pine that are the most stable for resistance to fusiform rust are the least predictable

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1335-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
S E McKeand ◽  
H V Amerson ◽  
B Li ◽  
T J Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pathogen Populations

In an extensive series of trials with open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), resistance to fusiform rust disease (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) at individual test sites was relatively unpredictable for the families deemed most resistant. The most resistant families were also the most stable for performance across test sites, with stability defined as the slope of the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. A family's R-50 value (its predicted rust infection level when the site mean infection is 50%) was correlated to its stability parameter or slope (r = 0.78). On average, any one family's level of infection (% galled) was reasonably predictable for any given infection level at a given site; the average coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.78 for the regression of family means for rust infection versus site means for rust infection. However, the six most stable families for resistance had the lowest r2 values (average r2 = 0.58). We speculated that the lower predictability for the most resistant families was due to interactions of specific resistance genes in these families and corresponding avirulence and (or) virulence levels in the pathogen populations that may differ among sites. Although the predictability of the individual resistant families was relatively low, if these families were bulked into a resistant seed lot, they performed in a more predictable manner with r2 = 0.74 for the regression of the bulk mean versus site means. Bulks of four to six highly resistant families appeared to be a good solution to obtain stable and predictable performance across a range of sites.

Sewage Sludge Increases Early Growth and Decreases Fusiform Rust Infection of Nursery-Run and Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Stone ◽  
Harry R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection

Abstract An intensively prepared site in a high-rust hazard area was fertilized with municipal sewage sludge to provide 300 or 600 lb/ac total nitrogen before planting nursery-run and fusiform rust-resistant seedlings. Rust-resistant seedlings had significantly greater first-year survival andsignificantly lower rust infection at age 6. The sludge treatments increased 6-year diameter and volume growth and decreased rust infection significantly; there were no differences between the two sludge levels. Sludge fertilization significantly increased average height, diameter, and stemvolume of the largest 300 trees/ac and has begun to stimulate crown class differentiation. The greater growth of the larger trees did not alter the proportion infected by rust. Results indicate that even in areas of high-rust hazard, intensive site preparation and sludge fertilization canincrease early growth and accelerate stand development of loblolly pine if rust-resistant stock is planted. South J. Appl. For. 13(2):68-71.

Estimating Fusiform Rust Losses in Five Southeast States

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Anderson ◽  
Joe P. McClure ◽  
Noel Cost ◽  
Robert J. Uhler
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Quality Loss ◽  
Forest Inventory And Analysis ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
State Area

Abstract Annual losses to fusiform rust are estimated at over $35 million in the five States from Virginia to Florida. Losses were estimated by taking Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data on fusiform rust through a series of growth and yield equations and sawtimber quality loss projections. The result is a system that estimates cordwood and sawtimber losses by state for loblolly and slash pine in natural and planted stands. Each time a state is resurveyed by FIA, a new estimate of loss can be made. This system applied to a 5-state area also shows that about 8.8 million acres of the 24 million acres of slash and loblolly pine have at least 10 percent of the trees infected. South. J. Appl. For. 10:237-240, Nov. 1986.

Impact of Fusiform Rust on Product Yields of Loblolly Pine Plantations

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Geron ◽  
W. L. Hafley
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
State University ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Product Yields ◽  
The North

Abstract The effects of fusiform rust on product yields from loblolly pine plantations are modeled in four stages: The additional mortality caused by the disease; additional infection observable after age five (the age from which increased mortality is estimated); a probability density function to describe gall heights on infected stems; and a merchandising routine based on specific milling practice assumptions and merchandising strategies. These processes are then incorporated into the North Carolina State University Managed Loblolly Pine Plantation Growth and Yield Simulator, and the effect of various levels of rust incidence on product yields in unthinned stands simulated. Yield of solid product decreased sharply across plantations with increasing infection. Pulp yields increased because of infected stem components that could only be utilized for this product. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):226-231

Annual variation in fusiform rust infection of slash and loblolly pine seed lots in time-replicated plantings

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1531-1537
Author(s):  
R. C. Froelich
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Location Family ◽  
High Hazard

Trees from two putatively fusiform rust resistant and two susceptible seed lots of slash pine (Pinuselliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) were planted in 4 or 5 consecutive years at three locations in south Mississippi and examined annually for rust galls that originated the previous year. Disease incidence was usually less than 20% in the first growing season. Resistant and susceptible slash pine had light incidence of rust after about age 5. The susceptible lobloly pine often developed considerable numbers of branch galls after the fifth season, but most were several metres from the main stem of the trees. The resistant loblolly pine of Livingston Parish, Louisiana, never developed more than 23% infection in any 1 year in thirty 80-tree plots. The three remaining seed lots often exceeded 50% infection in some years, but differences among seed lots were usually small. Rankings of the four species seed lots or the six families that made up the resistant slash seed lot varied by trial (year planted and year infected). Replicating experiments in time on high-hazard sites for rust should better define occurrence and importance of location × family interactions.

scholarly journals Predicted genetic gains and testing efficiency from two loblolly pine clonal trials

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1754-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fikret Isik ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
Anthony LeBude ◽  
Bailian Li ◽  
Steve McKeand
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Clonal Forestry ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Genetic Gains ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Sib Families

Clonal field trials were established at two sites using rooted cuttings from 450 clones of eight full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Height, survival, fusiform rust infection (caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk) Miyabe ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme), bole straightness, and diameter were measured after four growing seasons. There were significant differences among full-sib families and among clones within families for all traits studied. Moderately high within-family repeatabilities of clone means (0.50 to 0.75) for growth traits and a very high within-family repeatability of clone means (0.94) for fusiform rust infection were estimated. When the best eight clones were selected regardless of family structure, the volume yield was 52% greater than that of the unimproved seedlings at two sites. Selection of the best two clones from each of four families produced only slightly lower estimated genetic gains than the above scenario. The probability of fusiform rust infection ranged from 0.08 to 0.93 among clones at the South Carolina site. Predicted genetic gain for rust resistance was relatively insensitive to selection intensity, as there were numerous clones with high apparent resistance. The number of ramets per clone necessary to reliably characterize performance on one site was estimated to be between four and six. These results contribute to estimates of the gains available from clonal forestry and will help guide clonal testing and selection programs. Implementation of clonal forestry and cost issues are discussed.

Growth Impact of Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Cade ◽  
Roy L. Hedden
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Ouachita Mountains ◽  
Tip Moths ◽  
Protection Potential ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Growth impact of pine tip moths (Rhyacionia spp.) in two 12-year-old Arkansas loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations was measured, and growth loss through rotation was projected. Two tip moth control treatments (azinphos-methyl foliar spray and carbofuran granules) were appliedto trees in the protected treatments at ages 3, 4, and 5, and growth was compared to unprotected trees at 2-year intervals. Trees in protected treatments had significantly greater average height (2.0 ft), dbh (0.35 in.), and total volume (182 ft³/ac) than did trees in the unprotectedtreatment. Volume losses at age 12 were proportional to tip moth infestation levels during the period of protection. Potential long-term impact of a tip moth was estimated using the results of this study as input to growth and yield models for thinned and unthinned stands. Projected gainsfrom early tip moth control in light to moderately infested stands were: unthinned, 2 to 6 cords/ac at age 30; thinned, 300 to 700 bf/ac of sawtimber and 1 to 3 cords/ac of pulpwood on a 35-year rotation. An economic analysis comparing the present value of growth benefits to the treatmentcosts showed tip moth control to be marginally cost effective only in the thinned, sawtimber regime. South J. Appl. For. 11(2):128-133

scholarly journals Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria May Reduce Fusiform Rust Infection in Nursery-Grown Loblolly Pine Seedlings

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Enebak ◽  
W.A. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Abstract Fusiform rust caused by Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme (Hedg. & Hunt ex Cumm.) is the most damaging stem disease of Pinus spp. in the southern United States. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have induced systemic resistance in many host-pathogen systems. To determine whether rhizobacteria could induce systemic resistance to fusiform rust infection, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were evaluated for rust resistance following preemergence seed and post emergence foliar sprays with three bacterial strains. Treated seed was sown in one bare root nursery in Alabama and one in Georgia, and seedlings were examined for size differences and rust galls at the end of one season. Treatment with bacteria at the time of sowing did not affect rust galls or seedling growth at the Alabama nursery but reduced galls and increased seedling growth at the Georgia nursery. Bacterial treatment T4 resulted in significantly fewer galls and strains T4 and SE34 resulted in larger seedlings compared to nontreated controls. This is the first report of a reduction in fusiform rust by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and although nursery × treatment interactions exist, the current findings suggest that induced systemic resistance is possible. South. J. Appl. For. 28(4):185–188.

Predicting Severity of Fusiform Rust in Young Loblolly and Slash Pine Stands in Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Anderson ◽  
Noel D. Cost ◽  
Joe P. McClure ◽  
George Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Know How ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Prevention Techniques ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract Resource managers need to know how severe fusiform rust is likely to be before they plant southern pine seedlings in an area. The system described allows the manager to estimate the probability of having different amounts of rust infection in newly established stands. By selecting the geographic location of a stand, the species, and the type of regeneration, the manager can assess these probabilities. The system allows the user to compare the probabilities for slash and loblolly pine and to select prevention techniques, such as the use of resistant planting stock.

Stability of Rust Infection Ratios for Resistant and Susceptible Slash and Loblolly Pine Across Rust Hazard Levels

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hodge ◽  
T. L. White ◽  
R. A. Schmidt ◽  
J. E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Hazard Levels ◽  
Forest Managers

Abstract Fusiform rust resistant and susceptible loblolly and slash pine (bulk mixes of six parents each) were planted at six locations. The ratio of resistant-to-susceptible seedlot infection in both species was stable across all levels of rust hazard across all locations. In other words, the percentage of infected trees in the resistant seedlot was essentially a constant fraction of the percent infection in the susceptible seedlot. The resistant-to-susceptible seedlot infection ratio was 0.225 for loblolly pine and 0.371 for slash pine. For slash pine, predicted breeding values for rust resistance were used to make an accurate prediction of this ratio. The pattern of constant proportional resistance of particular seedlots can be used by forest managers to make planting decisions and assess economic benefits of planting genetically improved material. The results suggest that resistant stock planted at any location will have less fusiform rust infection than would unimproved stock. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):188-192.

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