scholarly journals A Fungus-Inducible Pepper Carboxylesterase Exhibits Antifungal Activity by Decomposing the Outer Layer of Fungal Cell Walls

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Hyoun Seo ◽  
Ae Ran Park ◽  
Hyun-Hwa Lee ◽  
Sangkyu Park ◽  
Yun-Jeong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Fungal Cell Walls

Colletotrichum species are major fungal pathogens that cause devastating anthracnose diseases in many economically important crops. In this study, we observed the hydrolyzing activity of a fungus-inducible pepper carboxylesterase (PepEST) on cell walls of C. gloeosporioides, causing growth retardation of the fungus by blocking appressorium formation. To determine the cellular basis for the growth inhibition, we observed the localization of PepEST on the fungus and found the attachment of the protein on surfaces of conidia and germination tubes. Moreover, we examined the decomposition of cell-wall materials from the fungal surface after reaction with PepEST, which led to the identification of 1,2-dithiane-4,5-diol (DTD) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Exogenous DTD treatment did not elicit expression of defense-related genes in the host plant but did trigger the necrosis of C. gloeosporioides. Furthermore, the DTD compound displayed protective effects on pepper fruits and plants against C. gloeosporioides and C. coccodes, respectively. In addition, DTD was also effective in preventing other diseases, such as rice blast, tomato late blight, and wheat leaf rust. Therefore, our results provide evidence that PepEST is involved in hydrolysis of the outmost layer of the fungal cell walls and that DTD has antifungal activity, suggesting an alternative strategy to control agronomically important phytopathogens.

scholarly journals Screening and Antifungal Activity of a β-Carboline Derivative against Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kátia Santana Cruz ◽  
Emerson Silva Lima ◽  
Marcia de Jesus Amazonas da Silva ◽  
Erica Simplício de Souza ◽  
Andreia Montoia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Lead Compound ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Fungal Cell Walls

Background. Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of bad prognosis due to its pathogenicity and the toxicity of the drugs used for its treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the medicinal potential of carbazole and β-carboline alkaloids and derivatives against Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii. Methods. MICs were established in accordance with the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute for alkaloids and derivatives against C. neoformans and C. gattii genotypes VNI and VGI, respectively. A single active compound was further evaluated against C. neoformans genotypes VNII, VNIII, and VNIV, C. gattii genotypes VGI, VGIII, and VGIV, Candida albicans ATCC 36232, for cytotoxicity against the MRC-5 lineage of human fibroblasts and for effects on fungal cells (cell wall, ergosterol, and leakage of nucleic acids). Results. Screening of 11 compounds revealed 8-nitroharmane as a significant inhibitor (MIC 40 μg/mL) of several C. neoformans and C. gattii genotypes. It was not toxic to fibroblasts (IC50 > 50 µg/mL) nor did it alter fungal cell walls or the concentration of ergosterol in C. albicans or C. neoformans. It increased leakage of substances that absorb at 260 nm. Conclusions. The synthetic β-carboline 8-nitroharmane significantly inhibits pathogenic Cryptococcus species and is interesting as a lead compound towards new therapy for Cryptococcus infections.

scholarly journals Co-cultured methanogen improved the metabolism in the hydrogenosome of anaerobic fungus as revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1948-1956
Author(s):  
Yuqi Li ◽  
Meizhou Sun ◽  
Yuanfei Li ◽  
Yanfen Cheng ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Hydrogen Transfer ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Anaerobic Fungus ◽  
Metabolic Pathway Analysis ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Objective: The purpose of this study was to reveal the metabolic shift in the fungus cocultured with the methanogen (Methanobrevibacter thaueri).Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to investigate the metabolites in anaerobic fungal (Pecoramyces sp. F1) cells and the supernatant.Results: A total of 104 and 102 metabolites were detected in the fungal cells and the supernatant, respectively. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed that the metabolite profiles in both the fungal cell and the supernatant were distinctly shifted when co-cultured with methanogen. Statistically, 16 and 30 metabolites were significantly (p<0.05) affected in the fungal cell and the supernatant, respectively by the co-cultured methanogen. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that co-culturing with methanogen reduced the production of lactate from pyruvate in the cytosol and increased metabolism in the hydrogenosomes of the anaerobic fungus. Citrate was accumulated in the cytosol of the fungus co-cultured with the methanogen.Conclusion: The co-culture of the anaerobic fungus and the methanogen is a good model for studying the microbial interaction between H<sub>2</sub>-producing and H<sub>2</sub>-utilizing microorganisms. However, metabolism in hydrogenosome needs to be further studied to gain better insight in the hydrogen transfer among microorganisms.

scholarly journals Bdelloid rotifers use hundreds of horizontally acquired genes against fungal pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben W Nowell ◽  
Timothy G Barraclough ◽  
Christopher G Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Bdelloid Rotifers ◽  
Fungal Toxins ◽  
Foreign Genes ◽  
Fungal Cell Walls

Obligately asexual lineages are typically rare and short-lived. According to one hypothesis, they adapt too slowly to withstand relentlessly coevolving pathogens. Bdelloid rotifers seem to have avoided this fate, by enduring millions of years without males or sex. We investigated whether bdelloids' unusual capacity to acquire non-metazoan genes horizontally has enhanced their resistance to pathogens. We found that horizontally transferred genes are three times more likely than native genes to be upregulated in response to a natural fungal pathogen. This enrichment was twofold stronger than that elicited by a physical stressor (desiccation), and the genes showed little overlap. Among hundreds of upregulated non-metazoan genes were RNA ligases putatively involved in resisting fungal toxins and glucanases predicted to bind to fungal cell walls, acquired from bacteria. Our results provide evidence that bdelloids mitigate a predicted challenge of long-term asexuality in part through their ability to acquire and deploy so many foreign genes.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Rye (Secale cereale) Seed Chitinases: the Different Binding Manner of Class I and Class II Chitinases to the Fungal Cell Walls

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 970-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toki TAIRA ◽  
Takayuki OHNUMA ◽  
Takeshi YAMAGAMI ◽  
Yoichi ASO ◽  
Masatsune ISHIGURO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Fungal Cell Walls

Production of new extracellular glycolipids by a strain ofCellulomonas cellulans(Oerskovia xanthineolytica) and their structural characterization

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Arino ◽  
R Marchal ◽  
J -P Vandecasteele
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Glycolipid-producing bacteria were isolated from soil samples. One of the strains, identified as Cellulomonas cellulans (Oerskovia xanthineolytica), was found to produce significant amounts of unusual extracellular glycolipids, which were shown to be composed of at least 11 individual compounds. Hydrolysis of the glycolipid mixture and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids ranging from C10to C18, 16 of which were identified. The glycidic moiety consisted of glucose, rhamnose, and ribose. The same sugars were found to be present in the cell wall of Cellulomonas cellulans, which also contained polar lipids including glycolipids. During strain cultivation, glycolipid excretion was stimulated when nitrogen was exhausted from the culture medium. In these conditions, the production in fermenters on glycerol, expressed in glucose equivalents, reached 8.9 g/L. Cell hydrophobicity, which rose to 95% during the growth phase, decreased to 50% during the production phase. The overall results show that the bacterial cell wall is involved in the synthesis of these new extracellular glycolipids.Key words: glycolipid, excretion, Cellulomonas cellulans, Oerskovia xanthineolytica, cell wall.

scholarly journals A secreted LysM effector protects fungal hyphae through chitin-dependent homodimer polymerization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Sánchez-Vallet ◽  
Hui Tian ◽  
Luis Rodriguez-Moreno ◽  
Dirk-Jan Valkenburg ◽  
Raspudin Saleem-Batcha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Lysm Domain ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Binding Groove ◽  
Fungal Cell Walls

ABSTRACTPlants trigger immune responses upon recognition of fungal cell wall chitin, followed by the release of various antimicrobials, including chitinase enzymes that hydrolyze chitin. In turn, many fungal pathogens secrete LysM effectors that prevent chitin recognition by the host through scavenging of chitin oligomers. We previously showed that intrachain LysM dimerization of the Cladosporium fulvum effector Ecp6 confers an ultrahigh-affinity binding groove that competitively sequesters chitin oligomers from host immune receptors. Additionally, particular LysM effectors are found to protect fungal hyphae against chitinase hydrolysis during host colonization. However, the molecular basis for the protection of fungal cell walls against hydrolysis remained unclear. Here, we determined a crystal structure of the single LysM domain-containing effector Mg1LysM of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and reveal that Mg1LysM is involved in the formation of two kinds of dimers; a chitin-dependent dimer as well as a chitin-independent homodimer. In this manner, Mg1LysM gains the capacity to form a supramolecular structure by chitin-induced oligomerization of chitin-independent Mg1LysM homodimers, a property that confers protection to fungal cell walls against host chitinases.

Evaluating the Effects of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation on Antifungal and Radical Scavenging Activities of Oliveria decumbens and Chaerophyllum macropodum Essential Oils

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nastaran Khajehie ◽  
Mohammad-Taghi Golmakani ◽  
Marzieh Eblaghi ◽  
Mohammad Hadi Eskandari
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Microwave Assisted

ABSTRACT In this study, radical scavenging and antifungal activities of Chaerophyllum macropodum and Oliveria decumbens essential oils (EOs) extracted with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) were evaluated in comparison with the same EOs extracted by conventional hydrodistillation (HD). The final EO yields that were obtained using HD (after 150 min) and MAHD (after 45 min) were 1.72 and 1.67% for C. macropodum and 8.10 and 7.91% for O. decumbens, respectively. There were no significant differences between the final EO yields extracted with HD and MAHD, but MAHD could significantly reduce the duration of the extraction operation. Average rates of EO accumulation (grams per minute) with MAHD were at least three times higher than with HD. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of EOs indicated that there were no significant differences between the composition of EOs extracted by HD and MAHD. Both plants showed high radical scavenging activity, with 50% inhibitory concentration values of 0.430 to 0.431 mg/mL for C. macropodum and 0.142 to 0.146 mg/mL for O. decumbens. Antifungal activity was performed against six fungal species, including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichoderma harzianum, Byssochlamys spectabilis, and Paecilomyces variotii. A. niger and A. oryzae were the most resistant fungi, and T. harzianum was the most susceptible. Evaluation of MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration values showed that the O. decumbens EOs were very active against all the tested fungi, which can be attributed to the high amounts of oxygenated terpenes in the EO content. Therefore, MAHD as a fast extraction technique did not have any adverse effects on chemical composition, radical scavenging activity, and antifungal activity of C. macropodum and O. decumbens EOs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antifungal activity of seaweed extracts

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Cesar Fernandes Peres ◽  
Luciana Retz de Carvalho ◽  
Edlayne Gonçalez ◽  
Luis Otávio Saggion Berian ◽  
Joana D´arc Felicio
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Laminaria Hyperborea ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Seaweed Extracts

Seaweeds are subject to numerous biological interactions and sometimes to extreme abiotic conditions, so they have developed among other defense mechanisms, the ability to produce biologically active substances. Thus, these organisms produce mainly terpenes and phenols. Among others, the antifungal activity, due to its importance in human and animal health and the production of agricultural products, has been the subject of several studies. In the present work, this activity was investigated in ten seaweeds extracts, by direct bioautography assays, compared to Colletotrichum lagenarium and disk diffusion assay, compared to Aspergillus flavus. The organisms studied were: Stypopodium zonale, Laurencia dendroidea, Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum muticum, Pelvetia canaliculata, Fucus spiralis, Sargassum filipendula, Sargassum stenophyllum, Laminaria hyperborea and Gracilaria edulis. S. zonale, L. dendroidea, P. canaliculata, S. muticum, A. nodosum and F. spiralis extracts significantly inhibited the C. lagenarium growth, but not inhibited significantly the A. flavus growth. The presence of terpenes in all of these extracts was confirmed by thin layer chromatography whereas the presence of phenolic compounds was confirmed only in extracts of P. canaliculata, A. nodosum and S. muticum. In chemical study by column chromatography, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, the terpenes neophytadiene, cartilagineol, obtusol elatol; and the ester ethyl hexadecanoate were identified in the L. dendroidea extract. This is the first report on the activity of seaweed extracts against C. lagenarium, a fungus bearing agricultural importance.

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