scholarly journals Heritable Phytohormone Profiles of Poplar Genotypes Vary in Resistance to a Galling Aphid

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie J. A. Body ◽  
Matthew S. Zinkgraf ◽  
Thomas G. Whitham ◽  
Chung-Ho Lin ◽  
Ryan A. Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Responses ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Populus Angustifolia ◽  
Biochemical Interaction ◽  
Pemphigus Betae ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
First Time ◽  
Open Access Article

Insect galls are highly specialized structures arising from atypical development of plant tissue induced by insects. Galls provide the insect enhanced nutrition and protection against natural enemies and environmental stresses. Galls are essentially plant organs formed by an intimate biochemical interaction between the gall-inducing insect and its host plant. Because galls are plant organs, their development is likely to be governed by phytohormones involved in normal organogenesis. We characterized concentrations of both growth and defensive phytohormones in ungalled control leaves and galls induced by the aphid Pemphigus betae on narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia that differ genotypically in resistance to this insect. We found that susceptible trees differed from resistant trees in constitutive concentrations of both growth and defense phytohormones. Susceptible trees were characterized by significantly higher constitutive cytokinin concentrations in leaves, significantly greater ability of aphids to elicit cytokinin increases, and significantly lower constitutive defense phytohormone concentrations than observed in resistant trees. Phytohormone concentrations in both constitutive and induced responses in galled leaves exhibited high broad-sense heritability that, respectively, ranged from 0.39 to 0.93 and from 0.28 to 0.66, suggesting that selection can act upon these traits and that they might vary across the landscape. Increased cytokinin concentrations may facilitate forming strong photosynthate sinks in the galls, a requirement for galling insect success. By characterizing for the first time the changes in 15 phytohormones belonging to five different classes, this study offers a better overview of the signaling alteration occurring in galls that has likely been important for their ecology and evolution. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals A gall-forming insect manipulates hostplant phytohormone synthesis, concentrations, and signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie J. A. Body ◽  
Heidi M. Appel ◽  
Patrick P. Edger ◽  
Jack C. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Vitis Riparia ◽  
Biochemical Interaction ◽  
Phytohormone Synthesis

AbstractInsect galls are highly specialized plant organs formed by an intimate biochemical interaction between the plant and a gall-inducing insect. Galls provide the insect enhanced nutrition and protection against natural enemies and environmental stresses. Because galls are plant organs, their development is likely to be governed by native phytohormones that function in organogenesis. We characterized concentrations of both growth and stress phytohormones in ungalled leaves and the leaf galls of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae on wild grape Vitis riparia at 4 different developmental stages. We found clear evidence of hormone manipulation by phylloxera during gall initiation and development. Phylloxera suppressed accumulation of of gibberellins, auxin, and jasmonates during the first two gall stages while absiscic acid concentrations were suppressed throughout development. Concentrations of 3 cytokinins and salicylate were greatly elevated during the earliest gall stage and declined sharply thereafter. We found no evidence of expression of cytokinin biosynthesis genes during the first gall stage, which strongly suggests that phylloxera supplied those phytohormones. High salicylate concentrations could have been caused by cytokinins, a response to microbes, or both. Our results suggest a central role for cytokinins in gall initiation and indicate the importance of the insect’s ability to manipulate other hormones.

scholarly journals Insect galls on Myrtaceae: richness and distribution in brazilian restingas

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Cid Maia
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The State ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Associated Fauna ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Insect Gall ◽  
First Time ◽  
Internal Chamber

Abstract: Inventories in Brazilian restingas have been indicating that Myrtaceae are the plant family with the greatest richness of insect galls. A compilation of published data plus new records was elaborated with the aim of stablishing the number of gall morphotypes on this family in this physiognomy of the Atlantic Forest, producing a list of galled species, pointing out the predominant gall features, evaluating the taxonomical knowledge of the gallers, listing the associated fauna, and based on host plant endemisms and monophagy proposing the endemism of some galling species. Myrtaceae harbor 111 morphotypes of insect gall (about 75% induced by Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) on 25 host plant species, 15 endemic. Eugenia L. highlights as the plant genus with the highest number of galled species and gall richness. Leaves are the most galled organ. There is a predominance of globoid and fusiform shapes, green color, glabrous surface and a single internal chamber. The taxonomical data on gallers is deficient as many records have been presented at supraspecific levels. The associated fauna is rich and includes parasitoids, inquilines and predators. Twelve species of Cecidomyiidae, a single species of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) and one species of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera) have been associated exclusively with endemic hosts and then are proposed in the present study as endemic too. The geographical distribution of many galls and respective gallers are restricted to the State of Rio de Janeiro, where most inventories have been carried out. For the first time, Eugeniamyia dispar, previously known from a rural area of Rio Grande do Sul and restinga areas of São Paulo, is recorded in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

scholarly journals Plant biotransformation of T2 and HT2 toxin in cultured organs of Triticum durum Desf

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Righetti ◽  
Tania Körber ◽  
Enrico Rolli ◽  
Gianni Galaverna ◽  
Michele Suman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Durum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Uninfected Plant ◽  
Complete Absorption ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites ◽  
T2 Toxin ◽  
First Time

Abstract The present study aimed at elucidating the uptake and biotransformation of T2 and HT2 toxins in five cultivars of durum wheat, by means of cultured plant organs. An almost complete absorption of T2 toxin (up to 100 µg) was noticed after 7 days, along with the contemporaneous formation of HT2 in planta, whereas HT2 showed a slower uptake by uninfected plant organs. Untargeted MS-analysis allowed to identify a large spectrum of phase I and phase II metabolites, resulting in 26 T2 and 23 HT2 metabolites plus tentative isomers. A novel masked mycotoxin, 3-acetyl-HT2-glucoside, was reported for the first time in wheat. The in vitro approach confirmed its potential to both investigate the contribution of plant metabolism in the biosynthesis of masked mycotoxins and to foresee the development of biocatalytic tools to develop nature-like mixtures to be used as reference materials.

scholarly journals Occurrence and characterization of insect galls in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (32) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Araújo Ribeiro Bergamini ◽  
Leonardo Lima Bergamini ◽  
Benedito Baptista dos Santos ◽  
Walter Santos de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Systematic Survey ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Main Host ◽  
Insect Gall ◽  
First Time

In the present paper we investigated the insect gall distribution along savanna and forest sites in the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, Goiás, Brazil. The insect gall fauna was surveyed bi-monthly between December 2009 and June 2010. In total we found 186 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 35 botanical families and 61 plant species. Ninety-nine insect gall morphotypes were recorded in the forest and 87 in the savanna. Gall-inducing insects belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera, with highlight to Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) that induced 34.1% of the gall morphotypes. Parasitoids and/or inquilines were recorded in 38 morphotypes, mainly from the families Eulophidae, Eurytomidae and Torymidae (Hymenoptera). Fabaceae was the botanical family with the greatest richness of galls, followed by Asteraceae and Sapindaceae, being Protium (Burseraceae), Siparuna (Siparunaceae) and Serjania (Sapindaceae) the main host genera. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the Flona-Silvânia, which result in six plant species are recorded for the first time in Brazil as host of insect galls.

scholarly journals Insect galls of the xeric vegetation of Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Cid Maia ◽  
Marcelo da Costa Souza
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Gall Midges ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Galling Insects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cabo Frio

The xeric vegetation of Ilha do Cabo Frio (Arraial do Cabo, RJ) was investigated for insect galls, in May, June and August of 2012, totalizing 24 hours of field work. Forty-five morphotypes of insect galls were found on 29 species of host plant (25 genera and 18 families). Asteraceae and Myrtaceae were the most galled plant families. Leaves were the most galled plant organ, with ca. 62% of the total, followed by stems (ca. 22%). Globoid and fusiform galls were the most frequent with about 29% and 24%, respectively. The majority was glabrous (ca. 91%), and one-chambered (ca. 84%). Gallers of 30 morphotypes were determined. They belong to Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), and Lepidoptera. The former was the most frequent. Larvae of Muscomorpha (Diptera) (probably inquilines) were found in a single gall morphotype; parasitoids (Hymenoptera) in seven (ca. 15% of the total), and predators (pseudoscorpion) in a single one. As there is no previous data of insect galls of Ilha do Cabo Frio, all records presented here are new. The geographic distribution of nine species of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is widened. For the first time, eleven plant species are recorded as host of galling insects, and 24 gall morphotypes are described.

Essential oil composition of two yarrow taxonomic forms

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Judzentiene ◽  
Danute Mockute
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Essential Oil Composition ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
First Time

AbstractDifferences in essential oil composition of wild Achillea millefolium L., collected at five habitats in Lithuania, where plants with pink (f. rosea) and white (f. millefolium) flowers grow together, were reported. For the first time, oils of different plant organs (inflorescences and leaves) of both forms from every population were analysed in detail. Chemical analysis was performed by GC and GC-MS. The most predominant constituents of the oils were nerolidol (9.4–31.9%, in 11 out of 20 samples), caryophyllene oxide (8.4–23.0%, 4 leaf oils), ß-pinene (8.0–15.2%, 2 samples), eudesmol (11.8–15.8%, 2 leaf oils) and 1,8-cineole (11.9%, one inflorescence oil). Domination of nerolidol was mostly characteristic of A. millefolium f. rosea essential oils (in 8 out of 10 oils). The inflorescences biosynthesised markedly larger amounts of nerolidol and ß-pinene than those of the leaves. An opposite correlation was observed for caryophyllene oxide and eudesmol. Chamazulene (≤2.7%) was determined only in six oils. The 65 identified constituents made up 75.4–96.5% of the oils.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Severity of Ratoon Stunt in Commercial Brazilian Sugarcane Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Urashima ◽  
M. F. Silva ◽  
J. J. Correa ◽  
M. C. Moraes ◽  
A. V. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
First Time ◽  
Open Access Article

Brazil has 9 million ha of sugarcane, 85% of which are located in the Center-South area of the country. Field trials and surveys around the globe have shown that ratoon stunt disease (RSD), caused by Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, can severely reduce tonnage yield. Previous small-scale studies in Brazil have demonstrated RSD infection in all varieties, with values varying from 25 to 68%. Nevertheless, the prevalence and severity of RSD in commercial fields had not previously been assessed. To address this issue, we surveyed 13,173 ha in 1,154 fields of the eight main sugarcane varieties of the Center-South area, taking 92,114 samples from 50 mills in five different states. Our data showed that 10% of fields were infected, and that 58% of mills had at least one RSD-infected field. The variety RB92579 had the highest proportion of infected fields (17%) and, on average, the prevalence and severity in these fields was high compared with other varieties. RB867515, the most cultivated in Brazil, showed infection in 6.2% of sampled fields (5.5% of sampled area) causing an estimated annual economic loss of over US$1 million. This was the first time the economic importance of RSD on Brazilian commercial sugarcane production was estimated. The Cerrado region had the highest prevalence of RSD: 16% of fields, 17% of the cultivated area, and 82% of mills. The use of diseased planting material was identified in 9% of plant cane fields, representing 10% of the cultivated area. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Insect galls from Serra Geral, Caetité, BA, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravena Malheiros Nogueira ◽  
Elaine Cotrim Costa ◽  
Sheila Patrícia Carvalho-Fernandes ◽  
Juliana Santos-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Associated Fauna ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
First Time

We inventoried and characterized the kinds of gall, gall-inducing insects and host plants from Serra Geral between August 2013 and July 2014. Two phytophysiognomies, cerrado sensu stricto and caatinga-cerrado, were examined monthly along transects during ca. 4 hours per visit, totaling 48 hours of sampling effort. A total of 49 gall morphotypes were found on 14 species of host plants in 18 genera and 13 families. Fabaceae and Malpighiaceae were the families with the most galls, with 22 and 10 gall morphotypes, respectively. The genera of host plant with the greatest richness of galls were Copaifera L. (n=10), Bauhinia Benth. (n=6), and Mimosa L. (n=5). Galls were found on leaves, buds and stems. The majority of the galls were globoid, glabrous, isolated, and one-chambered. The inducers belong to Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera, Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) being the most frequent and diverse gall-inducers. The associated fauna included parasitoids (Hymenoptera), successors (Formicidae), and predators (Pseudoscorpiones), obtained from 13, 2, and 1 gall morphotypes, respectively. Five plant taxa are recorded as hosts of gall-inducing insects for the first time.

Gas-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Investigation of Tropane Alkaloids in Hyoscyamus albus L. from Morocco

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El Bazaoui ◽  
My Ahmed Bellimam ◽  
Ibn Toumert Lançar ◽  
Abdelmajid Soulaymani
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Tropane Alkaloids ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hyoscyamus Albus

Thirty-four alkaloids were identified in the organs of Hyoscyamus albus L. by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS). Eight new compounds for the roots, eleven for the stems, twelve for the leaves, nineteen for the flowers, and seven for the seeds were detected. The alkaloids 5-(2-oxopropyl)-hygrine (8) and phygrine (20) are new for this species and 3-(hydroxyacetoxy)tropane (9), 6,7-dehydro-3-phenylacetoxytropane (15), 3-(2’-phenylpropionyloxy) tropane (17), 6,7-dehydro-3-apotropoyloxytropane (18), 3-(3’-methoxytropoyloxy)tropane (23), and aponorscopolamine (25) are described for the first time for the genus Hyoscyamus. Hyoscyamine was the main alkaloid in the plant organs

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