scholarly journals Measuring Sense of Presence and User Characteristics to Predict Effective Training in an Online Simulated Virtual Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca De Leo ◽  
Leigh A. Diggs ◽  
Elena Radici ◽  
Thomas W. Mastaglio
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
User Characteristics ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Effective Training

Attachment and sense of presence in a virtual environment

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene S. Wallach ◽  
Marilyn P. Safir ◽  
Idan Almog
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Sense Of Presence

scholarly journals Presence Equation: An Investigation into Cognitive Factors Underlying Presence

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Sas ◽  
Gregory M. P. O'Hare
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Cognitive Factor ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
User Characteristics ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
Creative Imagination ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between presence and cognitive factors such as absorption, creative imagination, empathy, and will ingness to experience presence was investigated. Presence was defined, operationalized, and measured using a ques tionnaire that we devised. Absorption and creative imagina tion were measured using questionnaires developed in the area of hypnosis, and empathy was assessed through an interpersonal reactivity index. Results indicated significant correlations between presence and each cognitive factor. They showed that persons who are highly fantasy prone, more empathic, more absorbed, more creative, or more willing to be transported to the virtual world experienced a greater sense of presence. Regression analysis led to a pres ence equation, which could be used to predict presence based on the investigated cognitive factors. Findings are congruent with user characteristics presented by the pres ence literature and support the position that individual dif ferences are important for the study of presence.

Presence within Virtual Environments as a Function of Visual Display Parameters

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Hendrix ◽  
Woodrow Barfield
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Being There

This paper reports the results of three studies, each of which investigated the sense of presence within virtual environments as a function of visual display parameters. These factors included the presence or absence of head tracking, the presence or absence of stereoscopic cues, and the geometric field of view used to create the visual image projected on the visual display. In each study, subjects navigated a virtual environment and completed a questionnaire designed to ascertain the level of presence experienced by the participant within the virtual world. Specifically, two aspects of presence were evaluated: (1) the sense of “being there” and (2) the fidelity of the interaction between the virtual environment participant and the virtual world. Not surprisingly, the results of the first and second study indicated that the reported level of presence was significantly higher when head tracking and stereoscopic cues were provided. The results from the third study showed that the geometric field of view used to design the visual display highly influenced the reported level of presence, with more presence associated with a 50 and 90° geometric field of view when compared to a narrower 10° geometric field of view. The results also indicated a significant positive correlation between the reported level of presence and the fidelity of the interaction between the virtual environment participant and the virtual world. Finally, it was shown that the survey questions evaluating several aspects of presence produced reliable responses across questions and studies, indicating that the questionnaire is a useful tool when evaluating presence in virtual environments.

scholarly journals Collaborative Task Performance for Learning Using a Virtual Environment

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Erik Bystrom ◽  
Woodrow Barfield
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
Collaborative Task ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
And Control ◽  
And Task

This paper describes a study on the sense of presence and task performance in a virtual environment as affected by copresence (one subject working alone versus two subjects working as partners), level of control (control of movement and control of navigation through the virtual environment), and head tracking. Twenty subjects navigated through six versions of a virtual environment and were asked to identify changes in locations of objects within the environment. After each trial, subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess their level of presence within the virtual environment. Results indicated that collaboration did not increase the sense of presence in the virtual environment, but did improve the quality of the experience in the virtual environment. Level of control did not affect the sense of presence, but subjects did prefer to control both movement and navigation. Head tracking did not affect the sense of presence, but did contribute to the spatial realism of the virtual environment. Task performance was affected by the presence of another individual, by head tracking, and by level of control, with subjects performing significantly more poorly when they were both alone and without control and head tracking. In addition, a factor analysis indicated that questions designed to assess the subjects' experience in the virtual environment could be grouped into three factors: (1) presence in the virtual environment, (2) quality of the virtual environment, and (3) task difficulty.

The Sense of Presence within Auditory Virtual Environments

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Hendrix ◽  
Woodrow Barfield
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Auditory Display ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Navigation Task ◽  
Perceived Realism ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Survey Questions

Two studies were performed to investigate the sense of presence within stereoscopic virtual environments as a function of the addition or absence of auditory cues. The first study examined the presence or absence of spatialized sound, while the second study compared the use of nonspatialized sound to spatialized sound. Sixteen subjects were allowed to navigate freely throughout several virtual environments and for each virtual environment, their level of presence, the virtual world realism, and interactivity between the participant and virtual environment were evaluated using survey questions. The results indicated that the addition of spatialized sound significantly increased the sense of presence but not the realism of the virtual environment. Despite this outcome, the addition of a spatialized sound source significantly increased the realism with which the subjects interacted with the sound source, and significantly increased the sense that sounds emanated from specific locations within the virtual environment. The results suggest that, in the context of a navigation task, while presence in virtual environments can be improved by the addition of auditory cues, the perceived realism of a virtual environment may be influenced more by changes in the visual rather than auditory display media. Implications of these results for presence within auditory virtual environments are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Exercise in Immersive Virtual Environments on Cortical Neural Oscillations and Mental State

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Vogt ◽  
Rainer Herpers ◽  
Christopher D. Askew ◽  
David Scherfgen ◽  
Heiko K. Strüder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Environment Exposure

Virtual reality environments are increasingly being used to encourage individuals to exercise more regularly, including as part of treatment those with mental health or neurological disorders. The success of virtual environments likely depends on whether a sense of presence can be established, where participants become fully immersed in the virtual environment. Exposure to virtual environments is associated with physiological responses, including cortical activation changes. Whether the addition of a real exercise within a virtual environment alters sense of presence perception, or the accompanying physiological changes, is not known. In a randomized and controlled study design, moderate-intensity Exercise (i.e., self-paced cycling) and No-Exercise (i.e., automatic propulsion) trials were performed within three levels of virtual environment exposure. Each trial was 5 minutes in duration and was followed by posttrial assessments of heart rate, perceived sense of presence, EEG, and mental state. Changes in psychological strain and physical state were generally mirrored by neural activation patterns. Furthermore, these changes indicated that exercise augments the demands of virtual environment exposures and this likely contributed to an enhanced sense of presence.

Real and Illusory Interactions Enhance Presence in Virtual Environments

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Regenbrecht ◽  
Thomas Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Spatial Presence ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Actual Interaction

It has long been argued that the possibility to interact in and with a virtual environment (VE) enhances the sense of presence. On the basis of a three-component model of presence, we specify this hypothesis and argue that the mental representation of possible actions should especially enhance spatial presence, and to a lesser extent the involvement and realness of a VE. We support this hypothesis in three studies. A correlative study showed that self-reported interaction possibilities correlated significantly with spatial presence, but not with the other two factors. A first experimental study showed that possible self-movement significantly increased spatial presence and realness. A second experimental study showed that even the illusion of interaction, with no actual interaction taking place, significantly increased spatial presence.

Visual Cues for Perceiving Distances from Objects to Surfaces

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Hu ◽  
Amy A. Gooch ◽  
Sarah H. Creem-Regehr ◽  
William B. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Immersive Environment ◽  
Significant Distance ◽  
Subject Performance

An accurate perception of the distance between an object and a nearby surface can increase a viewer's sense of presence in an immersive environment, particularly when a user is performing actions that affect or are affected by this distance. Two experiments were conducted examining the effectiveness of stereoscopic viewing, shadows, and interreflections at conveying this distance information. Subjects performed simple tasks based on the perception of the distance between a fixed virtual table and an approaching block in a virtual environment. In the first experiment, subjects lowered a virtual block to a virtual table. For this task, both stereoscopic viewing and shadows had statistically significant effects on subject performance. In the second experiment, subjects mechanically reported the perceived distance between a virtual block and virtual table. For this task, viewing condition, shadows, and interreflections were shown to be statistically significant distance cues.

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