scholarly journals Density-dependent changes in neophobia and stress-coping styles in the world's oldest farmed fish

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 181473 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Champneys ◽  
G. Castaldo ◽  
S. Consuegra ◽  
C. Garcia de Leaniz
Keyword(s):  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild

Farmed fish are typically reared at densities much higher than those observed in the wild, but to what extent crowding results in abnormal behaviours that can impact welfare and stress coping styles is subject to debate. Neophobia (i.e. fear of the ‘new’) is thought to be adaptive under natural conditions by limiting risks, but it is potentially maladapted in captivity, where there are no predators or novel foods. We reared juvenile Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) for six weeks at either high (50 g l −1 ) or low density (14 g l −1 ), assessed the extent of skin and eye darkening (two proxies of chronic stress), and exposed them to a novel object in an open test arena, with and without cover, to assess the effects of density on neophobia and stress coping styles. Fish reared at high density were darker, more neophobic, less aggressive, less mobile and less likely to take risks than those reared at low density, and these effects were exacerbated when no cover was available. Thus, the reactive coping style shown by fish at high density was very different from the proactive coping style shown by fish at low density. Our findings provide novel insights into the plasticity of fish behaviour and the effects of aquaculture intensification on one of the world's oldest farmed and most invasive fish, and highlight the importance of considering context. Crowding could have a positive effect on the welfare of tilapia by reducing aggressive behaviour, but it can also make fish chronically stressed and more fearful, which could make them less invasive.

scholarly journals Density-dependent changes in neophobia and stress-coping styles in the world’s oldest farmed fish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Champneys ◽  
G. Castaldo ◽  
S. Consuegra ◽  
Garcia de Leaniz
Keyword(s):  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractFarmed fish are typically reared at densities much higher than those observed in the wild, but to what extent crowding results in abnormal behaviours that can impact welfare and stress coping styles is subject to debate. Neophobia (i.e. fear of the ‘new’) is thought to be adaptive under natural conditions by limiting risks, but it is potentially maladapted in captivity, where there are no predators or novel foods. We reared juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for six weeks at either high (50g/L) or low density (14g/L), assessed the extent of skin and eye darkening (two proxies of chronic stress), and exposed them to a novel object in an open-test arena, with and without cover, to assess the effects of density on neophobia and stress coping styles. Fish reared at high density were darker, more neophobic, less aggressive, less mobile and less likely to take risks than those reared at low density, and these effects were exacerbated when no cover was available. Thus, the reactive coping style shown by fish at high density was very different from the proactive coping style shown by fish at low density. Our findings provide novel insights into the plasticity of fish behaviour and the effects of aquaculture intensification on one of the world’s oldest farmed and most invasive fish, and highlight the importance of considering context. Crowding could have a positive effect on the welfare of tilapia by reducing aggressive behaviour, but it can also make fish chronically stressed and more fearful, which could make them less invasive.

scholarly journals Npas4a expression in the teleost forebrain is associated with stress coping style differences in fear learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Baker ◽  
Ryan Y. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Contextual Fear Conditioning ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Contextual Fear

AbstractLearning to anticipate potentially dangerous contexts is an adaptive behavioral response to coping with stressors. An animal’s stress coping style (e.g. proactive–reactive axis) is known to influence how it encodes salient events. However, the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying these stress coping style differences in learning are unknown. Further, while a number of neuroplasticity-related genes have been associated with alternative stress coping styles, it is unclear if these genes may bias the development of conditioned behavioral responses to stressful stimuli, and if so, which brain regions are involved. Here, we trained adult zebrafish to associate a naturally aversive olfactory cue with a given context. Next, we investigated if expression of two neural plasticity and neurotransmission-related genes (npas4a and gabbr1a) were associated with the contextual fear conditioning differences between proactive and reactive stress coping styles. Reactive zebrafish developed a stronger conditioned fear response and showed significantly higher npas4a expression in the medial and lateral zones of the dorsal telencephalon (Dm, Dl), and the supracommissural nucleus of the ventral telencephalon (Vs). Our findings suggest that the expression of activity-dependent genes like npas4a may be differentially expressed across several interconnected forebrain regions in response to fearful stimuli and promote biases in fear learning among different stress coping styles.

scholarly journals Stress and Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: A Gender Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2859
Author(s):  
M. Pilar Matud ◽  
Amelia Díaz ◽  
Juan Manuel Bethencourt ◽  
Ignacio Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Emerging Adult ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Emotional Coping

Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life that entails many life transitions in living arrangements, relationships, education and employment, which can generate stress and psychological distress in the emerging adult. The aim of the present study was to assess the relevance of stress, coping styles, self-esteem and perceived social support in the distress of emerging adult women and men. The sample consists of 4816 people (50% females) from the Spanish general population, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years old. All participants were assessed through questionnaires and scales that assess psychological distress, stress, coping styles, self-esteem and social support. Women scored higher than men in psychological distress, chronic stress, minor daily hassles, emotional coping style and social support, whereas men scored higher than women in rational and detachment coping styles and in self-esteem. Psychological distress was significantly predicted in women and men by high emotional coping style, lower self-esteem, high number of life events, and less social support. Another statistically significant predictor in men was less detachment coping style, whereas in women it was high chronic stress. The results of this research are relevant to healthcare professionals interested in improving the mental health of the emerging adult.

Understanding regulatory focuses

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo Sun Jung ◽  
Hye Hyun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Turnover Intent ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Prevention Focus ◽  
Avoidance Coping ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hotel Employees ◽  
Emotion Coping

Purpose – The aim of the study was to examine whether five-star hotel employees’ promotion focus significantly influences their task-coping style, and whether their prevention focus has a significant effect on their emotion- and avoidance-coping styles. This study also investigates the moderating impact of employees’ tenure on the relationships between stress-coping styles and turnover intent. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 342 five-star hotel employees in South Korea participated in the study using a self-administered questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to examine the hypothesized relationships between the constructs. Findings – Hotel employees’ turnover intent decreases when they are motivated by strategies corresponding to their regulatory focus. This study found that hotel employees’ promotion focus had a significant positive effect on their task-coping style, whereas prevention focus had a significant negative effect on the emotion- and avoidance-coping style. In addition, employees’ task-coping style negatively affected their intent to leave the organization, while their emotion-coping and avoidance-coping styles positively affected turnover intent. Finally, moderating effects were related to tenure in the causal relationships among stress-coping styles and turnover intent. Thus, one can infer that the emotion-coping style has a greater effect on turnover intent in employees with a relatively short tenure than in those with a long tenure. Practical implications – This study verified that hotel employees’ regulatory focus plays an important role in employee behavior within organizations just as individual characteristics such as personality or values do. Thus, a substantial application plan for employees’ regulatory focus was proposed for the organizational dimension. In addition, diverse plans were presented for employees’ flexible coping with stress, based on differing turnover intent, depending on employees’ stress-coping styles. Through this, a plan for reducing employee turnover intent was pursued. Originality/value – This study associated employees’ stress-coping styles, which had been dealt with in the human resources management area, with their regulatory focus and showed that different stress-coping styles might be derived using such regulatory focus; the resulting turnover intent might also be different. The study results can provide a theoretical basis for understanding relationships among regulatory focus, stress-copying styles and turnover intent as such research is relatively lacking. Finally, this study is meaningful in that it applied the regulatory focus theory centered on customer behaviors to employees and verified the moderating effect of employees’ tenure between stress-coping styles and turnover intent.

scholarly journals Aquaculture and Fish Welfare: Are the Rights of Fish Compromised?/ Akwakultura I Dobrostan Ryb: Czy Prawa Ryb Są Szanowane?

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Moshood K. Mustapha
Keyword(s):  
Stocking Density ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Fish Welfare ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Five Freedoms ◽  
Poor Welfare

Abstract Fish need adequate welfare in culture even more than when they are in the wild. This is because they are held in captivity against their ‘will’. The welfare of farmed fish should start from production to consumption. Several factors have been identified as compromising the rights and welfare of fish in aquaculture. These include the aquacultural holding devices, stocking density, water quality, food and feeding regimes, diseases and parasite infestation, treatment of the diseases and parasites, handling, netting and removal before and during slaughter, methods of slaughter, fasting/ food withdrawal, unnatural dark/light photoperiods, selection for fast growth, selective and induced breeding, genetic manipulations, exposure to predators, polyculture, tagging, crowding, grading, transport and harvesting, fish attractors and accidental or deliberate introduction of genetically modified farmed fish. The best way to achieve good welfare and health of fish in aquaculture is to respect, maintain and improve the rights of fish, otherwise known as the “five freedoms.” Lack, deficiency or difficulty in having or providing any one of the five freedoms in aquaculture is an indicator of poor welfare for the fish which could be observed through physical, physiological, morphological, behavioural or environmental indicators in the fish. The best strategy for a reliable assessment of fish welfare/suffering and their impact on product quality is a multidisciplinary approach using several assessment parameters and comparing the deviations from the normal biological state with those from the wild which live in their natural, unperturbed environment. Some of the ways to achieve good welfare and safeguard the rights of the farmed fish in reducing the welfare problems were highlighted. Welfare of farmed fish should be considered in terms of ethics, productivity, economic viability and consumer’s acceptability of the final product. Consumers are becoming aware of the quality of farmed fish arising from poor welfare of the fish during culture. Improvement in fish welfare will increase profits, productivity and acceptability of the farmed fish because fish that are less stressedand humanely slaugh tered are healthier, grow better and have better meat quality. There is the need to develop common standard welfare indices for fish in culture in order to detect, correct and improve any deviation from the normal state of the fish in their aquacultural holding devices (AHD). It should be known that whatever is good in terms of welfare to humans should also be good to the fish in captivity.

scholarly journals Contextual fear learning and memory differ between stress coping styles in zebrafish

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R Baker ◽  
Ryan Y Wong
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Contextual Fear ◽  
Reactive Stress ◽  
Stress Coping Strategies ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractAnimals frequently overcome stressors and the ability to learn and recall these salient experiences is essential to an individual’s survival. As part of an animal’s stress coping style, behavioral and physiological responses to stressors are often consistent across contexts and time. However, we are only beginning to understand how cognitive traits can be biased by different coping styles. Here we investigate learning and memory differences in zebrafish (Danio rerio) displaying proactive and reactive stress coping styles. We assessed learning rate and memory duration using an associative fear conditioning paradigm that trained zebrafish to associate a context with exposure to a natural olfactory alarm cue. Our results show that both proactive and reactive zebrafish learn and remember this fearful association. However, we note significant interaction effects between stress coping style and cognition. Zebrafish with the reactive stress coping style acquired the fear memory at a significantly faster rate than proactive fish. While both stress coping styles showed equal memory recall one day post-training, reactive zebrafish showed significantly stronger recall of the conditioned context relative to proactive fish four days post-training. Through understanding how stress coping strategies promote biases in processing salient information, we gain insight into mechanisms that can constrain adaptive behavioral responses.

scholarly journals Conforming and nonconforming personality and stress coping styles in combat athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszarda Ewa Bernacka ◽  
Bogusław Sawicki ◽  
Anna Mazurek-Kusiak ◽  
Joanna Hawlena
Keyword(s):  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Combat Sports ◽  
Personality Dimension ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Creative Behaviour ◽  
Task Oriented

Abstract The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the personality dimension of conformism/nonconformism was a predictor of stress coping styles in athletes training combat sports, and to present the characteristics of this personality dimension in the context of the competitors’ adaptive/innovative sport performance. Scores of 346 males practising combat sports such as kick boxing, MMA, thai boxing, boxing and wrestling were analyzed. The participants completed the Creative Behaviour Questionnaire (KANH III) measuring the conformity/nonconformity personality dimension and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) measuring stress coping styles. The comparative analyses were conducted only for the groups of conformists and nonconformists. Differences in stress coping styles between conformists and nonconformists training combat sports were found as nonconformists tended to prefer the task-oriented coping style. Conclusively, a higher rate of nonconformity was associated with increasingly frequent occurrence of task-oriented coping and decreasingly frequent emotion-oriented coping.

scholarly journals Coping styles in capital breeders modulate behavioural trade-offs in time allocation: assessing fine-scale activity budgets in lactating grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) using accelerometry and heart rate variability

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney R. Shuert ◽  
Patrick P. Pomeroy ◽  
Sean D. Twiss
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Balancing time allocation among competing behaviours is an essential part of energy management for all animals. However, trade-offs in time allocation may vary according to the sex of the individual, their age, and even underlying physiology. During reproduction, higher energetic demands and constrained internal resources place greater demand on optimizing these trade-offs insofar that small adjustments in time-activity may lead to substantial effects on an individual’s limited energy budget. The most extreme case is found in animals that undergo capital breeding, where individuals fast for the duration of each reproductive episode. We investigated potential underlying drivers of time-activity and describe aspects of trade-offs in time-activity in a wild, capital breeding pinniped, the grey seal Halichoerus grypus, during the lactation period. For the first time, we were able to access full 24-h activity budgets across the core duration of lactation as well as characterize how aspects of stress-coping styles influence time allocation through the use of animal-borne accelerometers and heart rate monitors in situ. We found that there was a distinct trade-off in time activity between time spent Resting and Alert (vigilance). This trade-off varied with the pup’s development, date, and maternal stress-coping style as indicated by a measure of heart rate variability, rMSSD. In contrast, time spent Presenting/Nursing did not vary across the duration of lactation given the variables tested. We suggest that while mothers balance time spent conserving resources (Resting) against time expending energy (Alert), they are also influenced by the inherent physiological drivers of stress-coping styles. Significance statement How animals apportion their time among different behaviours is key to their success. These trade-offs should be finely balanced to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure. Here, we examine how grey seal mothers balance their activity patterns during the short, but energetically demanding, period of pup-rearing. Animal-borne accelerometers provided a uniquely detailed and continuous record of activity during pup-rearing for 38 mothers. We also used heart rate monitors to provide measures of each individual’s stress-coping style. We found that mothers balance time Resting against remaining Alert while time Presenting/Nursing was largely independent of all factors measured. Stress-coping styles were found to drive the balancing and variation of all behaviours. This novel indication that differences in personality-like traits may drive whole activity budgets should be considered when assessing trade-offs in time allocation across a much wider variety of species.

scholarly journals Characterization of stress coping style in Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis ) juveniles and breeders for aquaculture

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 160495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ibarra-Zatarain ◽  
E. Fatsini ◽  
S. Rey ◽  
O. Chereguini ◽  
I. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Solea Senegalensis ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Senegalese Sole ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Consistency

The aim of this work was to characterize stress coping styles of Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis ) juveniles and breeders and to select an operational behavioural screening test (OBST) that can be used by the aquaculture industry to classify and select between behavioural phenotypes in order to improve production indicators. A total of 61 juveniles and 59 breeders were subjected to five individual behavioural tests and two grouping tests. At the end of the individual tests, all animals were blood sampled in order to measure cortisol, glucose and lactate. Three tests (restraining, new environment and confinement) characterized the stress coping style behaviour of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders and demonstrated inter-individual consistency. Further, the tests when incorporated into a principal components analysis (PCA) (i) identified two principal axes of personality traits: ‘fearfulness-reactivity’ and ‘activity-exploration’, (ii) were representative of the physiological axis of stress coping style, and (iii) were validated by established group tests. This study proposed for the first time three individual coping style tests that reliably represented proactive and reactive personalities of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders. In addition, the three proposed tests met some basic operational criteria (rapid testing, no special equipment and easy to apply and interpret) that could prove attractive for fish farmers to identify fish with a specific behaviour that gives advantages in the culture system and that could be used to establish selection-based breeding programmes to improve domestication and production.

Stress, Coping Styles, and Hopelessness in Self-Poisoners

Crisis ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L Elliott ◽  
Neil Frude
Keyword(s):  
Stress Level ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Stress And Coping ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
And Coping

This study examined the association between level of hopelessness with stress and coping style for a sample of 80 people who had recently attempted suicide. Higher levels of hopelessness were found to be associated with higher levels of stress. Level of hopelessness was also associated with the use of problem-focused but not with emotion-focused coping. Analyses of the interaction between stress and coping style suggested that these variables influence the level of hopelessness in an independent and linear fashion. The implications for clinical intervention are discussed.

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