scholarly journals Responses to song playback vary with the vocal performance of both signal senders and receivers

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1768) ◽  
pp. 20131401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Moseley ◽  
David C. Lahti ◽  
Jeffrey Podos
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Mating Signals ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Melospiza Georgiana ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Aggressive Signals ◽  
Song Playback

Mating signals of many animal species are difficult to produce and thus should indicate signaler quality. Growing evidence suggests that receivers modulate their behaviour in response to signals with varying performance levels, although little is known about if and how responses are affected by receiver attributes. To explore this topic we conducted two experiments with swamp sparrows, Melospiza georgiana , in which we challenged territorial males with playback of songs with trill rates that were natural, digitally reduced, or digitally elevated (control-, low- and high-performance stimuli, respectively). In our first experiment, we found that males responded more aggressively to control songs than to low-performance stimuli, that low-performance stimuli with the most severe trill-rate reductions elicited the weakest aggressive responses, and that the subjects' own trill rates predicted aggressive responses. In our second experiment, we found that male responses to high-performance stimuli varied significantly, in ways predicted by two factors: the degree to which we had elevated stimulus performance levels of high-performance stimuli, and subjects' own vocal performance levels. Specifically, males were less aggressive towards stimuli for which we had elevated performance levels to higher degrees, and subject males with higher vocal performances themselves responded more aggressively. These findings together offer a novel illustration of how responses to aggressive signals may rely not just on signal attributes, but also on attributes of responding animals themselves.

scholarly journals Calculating the optimal hematocrit under the constraint of constant cardiac power

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Sitina ◽  
Heiko Stark ◽  
Stefan Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cardiac Power ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractIn humans and higher animals, a trade-off between sufficiently high erythrocyte concentrations to bind oxygen and sufficiently low blood viscosity to allow rapid blood flow has been achieved during evolution. Optimal hematocrit theory has been successful in predicting hematocrit (HCT) values of about 0.3–0.5, in very good agreement with the normal values observed for humans and many animal species. However, according to those calculations, the optimal value should be independent of the mechanical load of the body. This is in contradiction to the exertional increase in HCT observed in some animals called natural blood dopers and to the illegal practice of blood boosting in high-performance sports. Here, we present a novel calculation to predict the optimal HCT value under the constraint of constant cardiac power and compare it to the optimal value obtained for constant driving pressure. We show that the optimal HCT under constant power ranges from 0.5 to 0.7, in agreement with observed values in natural blood dopers at exertion. We use this result to explain the tendency to better exertional performance at an increased HCT.

scholarly journals Associative Effects between Forages and Concentrates on In Vitro Fermentation of Working Equine Diets

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2212
Author(s):  
Mónica Gandarillas ◽  
Juan Pablo Keim ◽  
Elisa María Gapp
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Need To Evaluate

Background: Horses are hindgut fermenters, and it is therefore important to determine the postgastric nutritive value of their feedstuffs and diets. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in other animal species that the fermentation of diets results in different values than those expected from pure ingredients. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to evaluate the gas production (GP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, as well as the associative effects, of mixtures of different forages and concentrated foods, which are representative of the traditional diets of high-performance horses. Methods: An in vitro gas production experiment was conducted to assess the fermentation of two forages and three concentrates that are typical in horse diets. The combination of 70% of forage and 30% concentrates was also assessed to determine potential associative effects. Results: Concentrates and grains produced higher GP and VFA than forages when evaluated alone. When experimental diets were incubated, GP parameters and VFA concentrations of forage–concentrate mixtures had unexpected differences from the values expected from the fermentation of pure ingredients, suggesting the occurrence of associative effects. Conclusions: Our results indicate that there is a need to evaluate the fermentation of diets, rather than predicting from the values of pure ingredients.

scholarly journals The Development of Athlete Performance Capabilities Index (APCI) Model for Male U12 Player Selection using Multivariate Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.34) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Mohamad Razali Abdullah ◽  
Hafizan Juahir ◽  
N. Mohamad Shukri ◽  
N. A. Fuat ◽  
N. A. Mohd Ros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Factor Score ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Group Classification ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
High Factor Loading ◽  
Athlete Performance

This study develops an Athlete Performance Capabilities Index (APCI) model using multivariate analysis for selecting the best player of under twelve (U12).  Measurement of anthropometrics and physical fitness were evaluated among 178 male players aged 12±0.52 years. Factor score derived by Principal Component Analysis were used to obtain a model for APCI and Discriminant Analysis (DA) were conducted to validate the correctness of group classification by APCI. Result was found two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted which accounted for 62.00% of the variations present in the original variables. The two factors were used to obtain the factor score coefficients explained by 35.72% and 26.67% of the variations in athlete performance respectively. Factor 1 revealed high factor loading on fitness compared to Factor 2 as it was significantly related to anthropometrics. A model was obtained using standardized coefficient of factor 1. Three clusters of performance were shaped in view by categorizing APCI ≥ 75%, 25% ≤ APCI < 75% and APCI < 25% as high, moderate and low performance group respectively. Three discriminated variables out of thirteen variables were obtained using Forward and Backward stepwise mode of DA, which were weight, standing broad jump, and 40 meters’ speed. Such variables were established as essential indicator for selecting the best player among male U12.   

scholarly journals Can artificially selected phenotypes influence a component of field fitness? Thermal selection and fly performance under thermal extremes

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1611) ◽  
pp. 771-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Nygaard Kristensen ◽  
Volker Loeschcke ◽  
Ary A Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Correlated Patterns ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Selected Traits

Artificially selected lines are widely used to investigate the genetic basis of quantitative traits and make inferences about evolutionary trajectories. Yet, the relevance of selected traits to field fitness is rarely tested. Here, we assess the relevance of thermal stress resistance artificially selected in the laboratory to one component of field fitness by investigating the likelihood of adult Drosophila melanogaster reaching food bait under different temperatures. Lines resistant to heat reached the bait more often than controls under hot and cold conditions, but less often at intermediate temperatures, suggesting a fitness cost of increased heat resistance but not at temperature extremes. Cold-resistant lines were more common at baits than controls under cold as well as hot field conditions, and there was no cost at intermediate temperatures. One of the replicate heat-resistant lines was caught less often than the others under hot conditions. Direct and correlated patterns of responses in laboratory tests did not fully predict the low performance of the heat selected lines at intermediate temperatures, nor the high performance of the cold selected lines under hot conditions. Therefore, lines selected artificially not only behaved partly as expected based on laboratory assays but also evolved patterns only evident in the field releases.

ADDITIVE-VETO MODELS FOR CHOICE AND RANKING MULTICRITERIA DECISION PROBLEMS

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (06) ◽  
pp. 1350026 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADIEL TEIXEIRA DE ALMEIDA
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Numerical Application ◽  
Multicriteria Decision ◽  
Decision Methods ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Ranking Problems ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Problems

Using additive models for aggregation of criteria is an important procedure in many multicriteria decision methods. This compensatory approach, which scores the alternatives straightforwardly, may have significant drawbacks. For instance, the Decision Maker (DM) may prefer not to select alternatives which have a very low performance in whatever criterion. In contrast, such an alternative may have the best overall evaluation, since the additive model may compensate this low performance in one of the criteria as a result of high performance in other criteria. Thus, additive-veto models are proposed with a view to considering the possibility of vetoing alternatives in such situations, particularly for choice and ranking problems. A numerical application illustrates the use of such models, with a detailed discussion related to real practical problems. Moreover, the results obtained from a numerical simulation show that it is not so rare for a veto of the best alternative to occur in the additive model. This is of considerable relevance depending on the DM's preference structure.

Phonomicrosurgery in Singers and Performing Artists: Treatment Outcomes, Management Theories, and Future Directions

2002 ◽  
Vol 111 (12_suppl) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Zeitels ◽  
Robert E. Hillman ◽  
Marcello Mauri ◽  
Rosemary Desloge ◽  
Patricia B. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Performing Artists ◽  
Vocal Rehabilitation ◽  
Vocal Function ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Outcomes Management

Phonomicrosurgery in performing artists has historically been approached with great trepidation, and vocal outcome data are sparse. The vocal liability of surgically disturbing the superficial lamina propria (SLP) and epithelium must be balanced with the inherent detrimental vocal effect of the lesion(s). A prospective investigation was performed on 185 performing artists who underwent phonomicrosurgical resection of 365 lesions: 201 nodules, 71 polyps, 66 varices and ectasias, 13 cysts, 8 keratotic lesions. 2 granulomas, 2 Reinke's edema, and 2 papillomas. Nearly all patients with SLP lesions reported improvement in their postsurgical vocal function. This subjective result was supported by objective acoustic and aerodynamic measures. All postsurgical objective vocal function measures fell within normal limits, including a few that displayed presurgical abnormalities. However, given the relative insensitivity of standard objective measures to assess higher-level vocal performance-related factors, it is even more noteworthy that 8 of 24 objective measures displayed statistically significant postsurgical improvements in vocal function. Such changes in objective measures mostly reflect overall enhancement in the efficiency of voice production. Phonomicrosurgical resection of vocal fold lesions in performing artists is enjoying an expanding role because of a variety of improvements in diagnostic assessment, surgical instrumentation and techniques, and specialized rehabilitation. Most of these lesions are the result of phonotrauma and arise within the SLP. Successful management depends on prudent patient selection and counseling, ultraprecise technique, and vigorous vocal rehabilitation. Furthermore, an understanding of the vocal function and dysfunction of this high-performance population provides all otolaryngologists who manage laryngeal problems with valuable information that they can extrapolate for use in their practices.

scholarly journals Motivational system modulates brain responses during exploratory decision-making

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Wei Li ◽  
Carol Yeh-Yun Lin ◽  
Ting-Ting Chang ◽  
Nai-Shing Yen ◽  
Danchi Tan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Motivational Orientation ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Risk Choice ◽  
The Brain

AbstractManagers face risk in explorative decision-making and those who are better at such decisions can achieve future viability. To understand what makes a manager effective at explorative decision-making requires an analysis of the manager’s motivational characteristics. The behavioral activation/inhibition system (BAS/BIS), fitting the motivational orientation of “approach” or “avoidance,” can affect individual decision-making. However, very little is known about the neural correlates of BAS/BIS orientation and their interrelationship with the mental activity during explorative decision-making. We conducted an fMRI study on 111 potential managers to investigate how the brain responses of explorative decision-making interact with BAS/BIS. Participants were separated into high- and low-performance groups based on the median exploration-score. The low-performance group showed significantly higher BAS than that of the high-performance group, and its BAS had significant negative association with neural networks related to reward-seeking during explorative decision-making. Moreover, the BIS of the low-performance group was negatively correlated with the activation of cerebral regions responding to risk-choice during explorative decision-making. Our finding showed that BAS/BIS was associated with the brain activation during explorative decision-making only in the low-performance group. This study contributed to the understanding of the micro-foundations of strategically relevant decision-making and has an implication for management development.

Double-Sided Microchannel Cooling of a Power Electronics Module Using Power Overlay

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam G. Pautsch ◽  
Arun Gowda ◽  
Ljubisa Stevanovic ◽  
Rich Beaupre
Keyword(s):  
Power Electronics ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Channel ◽  
Performance Technology ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Microchannel Cooling

In the continuing effort to alleviate the increasing thermal loads for power electronics devices, numerous aggressive solutions have been developed, such as small-scale micro-channel heat exchangers. Although these methods can improve overall surface heat transfer to the order of 500 W cm−2, they are limited to single-sided cooling due to the typical wire-bonded electrical connections of the devices. Power overlay (POL) technology provides a stable planar structure for electrical connection, as well as attachment of an additional top-side heat exchanger. This study presents an analysis of double-sided microchannel cooling of a power electronics module. Two optimized, integral micro-channel heat sinks were attached above and below silicon power devices, with more traditional attachment on one side and a POL interface on the other. A compliant TIM was selected for low thermal resistance and good mechanical response, which allowed top-side connection to the POL surface. A theoretical model is presented that predicts the benefit of double-sided cooling based on the known performance of a single-sided heat sink and given addition thermal contact resistance for the top side. For microchannels with water, an enhancement of 26% was predicted. An experiment was also carried out to measure the actual performance benefit seen with double-sided cooling. An enhancement of over 30% was measured for a particular design. As the theory predicts, the benefit of double-sided cooling is limited for high performance designs. However, double-sided cooling could lead to high levels of thermal performance using low-performance technology.

scholarly journals A categorization tool for fabric systems used in firefighters' clothing based on their thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performances

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (16) ◽  
pp. 3244-3259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Mandal ◽  
Simon Annaheim ◽  
Andre Capt ◽  
Jemma Greve ◽  
Martin Camenzind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Index ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Thermal Protective Clothing ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Fabric System ◽  
Protective Performance

Fabric systems used in firefighters' thermal protective clothing should offer optimal thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performances. However, fabric systems that have very high thermal protective performance have very low thermo-physiological comfort performance. As these performances are inversely related, a categorization tool based on these two performances can help to find the best balance between them. Thus, this study is aimed at developing a tool for categorizing fabric systems used in protective clothing. For this, a set of commercially available fabric systems were evaluated and categorized. The thermal protective and thermo-physiological comfort performances were measured by standard tests and indexed into a normalized scale between 0 (low performance) and 1 (high performance). The indices dataset was first divided into three clusters by using the k-means algorithm. Here, each cluster had a centroid representing a typical Thermal Protective Performance Index (TPPI) value and a typical Thermo-physiological Comfort Performance Index (TCPI) value. By using the ISO 11612:2015 and EN 469:2014 guidelines related to the TPPI requirements, the clustered fabric systems were divided into two groups: Group 1 (high thermal protective performance-based fabric systems) and Group 2 (low thermal protective performance-based fabric systems). The fabric systems in each of these TPPI groups were further categorized based on the typical TCPI values obtained from the k-means clustering algorithm. In this study, these categorized fabric systems showed either high or low thermal protective performance with low, medium, or high thermo-physiological comfort performance. Finally, a tool for using these categorized fabric systems was prepared and presented graphically. The allocations of the fabric systems within the categorization tool have been verified based on their properties (e.g., thermal resistance, weight, evaporative resistance) and construction parameters (e.g., woven, nonwoven, layers), which significantly affect the performance. In this way, we identified key characteristics among the categorized fabric systems which can be used to upgrade or develop high-performance fabric systems. Overall, the categorization tool developed in this study could help clothing manufacturers or textile engineers select and/or develop appropriate fabric systems with maximum thermal protective performance and thermo-physiological comfort performance. Thermal protective clothing manufactured using this type of newly developed fabric system could provide better occupational health and safety for firefighters.

Numerical Investigations on Partial Surge Initiated Inception and Stall Evolution in a Transonic Compressor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaguo Hu ◽  
Tianyu Pan ◽  
Wenqian Wu ◽  
Qiushi Li ◽  
Yifang Gong
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Rotating Stall ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Stall Inception ◽  
Transonic Compressor ◽  
Transient Simulations ◽  
Two Factors

The instability has been the largest barrier of the high performance axial compressor in the past decades. Stall inception, which determines the route and the characteristics of instability evolution, has been extensively focused on. A new stall inception, “partial surge”, is discovered in the recent experiments. In this paper full-annulus transient simulations are performed to study the origin of partial surge initiated inception and explain the aerodynamic mechanism. The simulations show that the stall inception firstly occurs at the stator hub region, and then transfers to the rotor tip region. The compressor finally stalled by the tip region rotating stall. The stall evolution is in accord with the experiments. The stall evolution can be divided into three phases. In the first phase, the stator corner separation gradually merged with the adjacent passages, producing an annulus stall cell at the stator hub region. In the second phase, the total pressure rise of hub region emerges rapid decline due to the fast expansion of the annulus stall cell, but the tip region maintains its pressure rise. In the third phase, a new rotating stall cell appears at the rotor tip region, leading to the onset of fast drop of the tip region pressure rise. The stall cells transfer from hub region to the tip region is caused by two factors, the blockage of the hub region which transfers more load to the tip region, and the separation fluid fluctuations in stator domain which increase the circumferential non-uniformity in the rotor domain. High load and non-uniformity at the rotor tip region induce the final rotating stall.

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