scholarly journals Movements of genes between populations: are pollinators more effective at transferring their own or plant genetic markers?

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20150290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Stephen G. Compton ◽  
Fo-En Peng ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fig Wasp ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Plant Pollinator

The transfer of genes between populations is increasingly important in a world where pollinators are declining, plant and animal populations are increasingly fragmented and climate change is forcing shifts in distribution. The distances that pollen can be transported by small insects are impressive, as is the extensive gene flow between their own populations. We compared the relative ease by which small insects introduce genetic markers into their own and host-plant populations. Gene flow via seeds and pollen between populations of an Asian fig species were evaluated using cpDNA and nuclear DNA markers, and between-population gene flow of its pollinator fig wasp was determined using microsatellites. This insect is the tree's only pollinator locally, and only reproduces in its figs. The plant's pollen-to-seed dispersal ratio was 9.183–9.437, smaller than that recorded for other Ficus . The relative effectiveness of the pollinator at introducing markers into its own populations was higher than the rate it introduced markers into the plant's populations (ratio = 14 : 1), but given the demographic differences between plant and pollinator, pollen transfer effectiveness is remarkably high. Resource availability affects the dispersal of fig wasps, and host-plant flowering phenology here and in other plant–pollinator systems may strongly influence relative gene flow rates.

scholarly journals Geographic Structure of Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Polymorphisms in Australian Green Turtle Populations and Male-Biased Gene Flow

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 1843-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy N FitzSimmons ◽  
Craig Moritz ◽  
Colin J Limpus ◽  
Lisa Pope ◽  
Robert Prince
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Green Turtle ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Infinite Allele Model

Abstract The genetic structure of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) rookeries located around the Australian coast was assessed by (1) comparing the structure found within and among geographic regions, (2) comparing microsatellite loci vs. restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of anonymous single copy nuclear DNA (ascnDNA) loci, and (3) comparing the structure found at nuclear DNA markers to that of previously analyzed mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region sequences. Significant genetic structure was observed over all regions at both sets of nuclear markers, though the microsatellite data provided greater resolution in identifying significant genetic differences in pairwise tests between regions. Inferences about population structure and migration rates from the microsatellite data varied depending on whether statistics were based on the stepwise mutation or infinite allele model, with the latter being more congruent with geography. Estimated rates of gene flow were generally higher than expected for nuclear DNA (nDNA) in comparison to mtDNA, and this difference was most pronounced in comparisons between the northern and southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). The genetic data combined with results from physical tagging studies indicate that the lack of nuclear gene divergence through the GBR is likely due to the migration of sGBR turtles through the courtship area of the nGBR population, rather than male-biased dispersal. This example highlights the value of combining comparative studies of molecular variation with ecological data to infer population processes.

scholarly journals Competitive Exclusion among Fig Wasps Achieved via Entrainment of Host Plant Flowering Phenology

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e97783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Rui Zhao ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Stephen G. Compton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Fig Wasps

Low gene flow between Iranian Grey Wolves(Canis lupus)and dogs documented using uniparental genetic markers

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Asadi Aghbolaghi ◽  
Hamid Reza Rezaei ◽  
Massimo Scandura ◽  
Mohammad Kaboli
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Canis Lupus

scholarly journals Low‐coverage genomic data resolve the population divergence and gene flow history of an Australian rain forest fig wasp

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (19) ◽  
pp. 3649-3666
Author(s):  
Lisa Cooper ◽  
Lynsey Bunnefeld ◽  
Jack Hearn ◽  
James M. Cook ◽  
Konrad Lohse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Fig Wasp ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Coverage

Extremely divergent host plant acceptance with gene flow between sympatric host races of the phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna diekei

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-412
Author(s):  
Kei W. Matsubayashi ◽  
Sih Kahono ◽  
Sri Hartini ◽  
Haruo Katakura
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Ladybird Beetle ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Plant Acceptance

Flowering Phenology and Synchrony between Volunteer and Cropped Spring Wheat: Implications for Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow

Crop Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1029-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J. Willenborg ◽  
Ed C. Luschei ◽  
Anita L. Brûlé-Babel ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Flowering Phenology

scholarly journals Morphometric Variation as an Indicator of Genetic Interactions Between Black-Capped and Carolina Chickadees at a Contact Zone in the Appalachian Mountains

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Sattler ◽  
Michael J. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Hybrid Zone ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Mixed Ancestry ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Average Gene ◽  
Hybridization And Introgression

AbstractWe studied hybridization and introgression between Black-capped (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina (P. carolinensis) chickadees along two transects in the Appalachians using four genetic markers and multivariate analysis of morphology. Genetic data revealed that at least 58% of the birds in the center of each transect were of mixed ancestry and that recombinant genotypes predominated among hybrids, demonstrating that hybridization is frequent and that many hybrids are fertile. Genetic clines generally were steep and coincident in position, but introgression was evident well beyond the range interface. Introgression was higher at the one autosomal locus surveyed than in mitochondrial DNA or in two sex-linked markers, suggesting that the hybrid zone is a conduit for gene flow between the two forms at some loci. On a broad scale, morphometric variation was concordant with genetic variation. Clines in morphological variation based on principal components (PC) scores were steep and coincident with genetic clines. Also, a strong correlation within a population between PC scores and an individual's genetic makeup suggested that a large amount of morphological variation was genetically determined. However, morphological analysis indicated that hybrids were uncommon on one transect, whereas genetic data clearly showed that they were common on both. In addition, patterns of morphological variation were equivocal regarding introgression across the hybrid zone. Thus, genetic data provided a complementary and more detailed assessment of hybridization, largely due to the discrete nature of genetic variation. Genetic markers are useful in understanding hybridization and introgression, but diagnostic markers may underestimate average gene flow if selection against hybrids maintains steep clines at diagnostic loci. To gain a clearer picture of the genome-wide effects of hybridization, a much larger number of loci must be assayed, including non-diagnostic ones.

scholarly journals Sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among red oak species suggests interspecific gene flow between neighboring populations

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 691-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruhua Zhang ◽  
Andrew L. Hipp ◽  
Oliver Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Divergent Selection ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Interspecific Gene Flow ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Markers ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotypes

The North American red oak species Quercus rubra L., Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill, Quercus velutina Lam., and Quercus coccinea Münchh. are morphologically similar and showed very low interspecific differentiation at most nuclear genetic markers in our earlier analyses (<10%). However, a few genetic markers showed interspecific differentiation values (up to 84%) above neutral expectations, a pattern of genomic divergence consistent with models of ecological speciation in the face of gene flow and strong divergent selection. Accordingly, these interfertile species are predicted to maintain differential adaptations to drought, while neutral regions of the genome appear to be homogenized by interspecific gene flow. According to this model of maintenance of species integrity by divergent selection with gene flow, we expect a sharing of chloroplast haplotypes between interspecific population pairs. We analyzed maternally inherited chloroplast DNA markers for the first time in interspecific populations of the red oaks (section Lobatae) to provide additional evidence for contemporary gene flow between Q. rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis and between Q. velutina and Q. ellipsoidalis. Very low interspecific differentiation (GST = 0.023), but pronounced genetic differentiation among populations from different regions (GST = 0.277) across species, and sharing of regional chloroplast haplotypes between species in sympatric and neighboring populations provided strong evidence for contemporary interspecific gene flow. The pattern of divergence at chloroplast DNA markers in red oaks suggests interspecific gene flow that resulted in a sharing of chloroplast types while the ecological and morphological distinctness of species was maintained.

scholarly journals 60 million years of co-divergence in the fig–wasp symbiosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1581) ◽  
pp. 2593-2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Rønsted ◽  
George D Weiblen ◽  
James M Cook ◽  
Nicolas Salamin ◽  
Carlos A Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Fig Wasp ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Pollinator Specialization ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Fossil Data ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Figs ( Ficus ; ca 750 species) and fig wasps (Agaoninae) are obligate mutualists: all figs are pollinated by agaonines that feed exclusively on figs. This extraordinary symbiosis is the most extreme example of specialization in a plant–pollinator interaction and has fuelled much speculation about co-divergence. The hypothesis that pollinator specialization led to the parallel diversification of fig and pollinator lineages (co-divergence) has so far not been tested due to the lack of robust and comprehensive phylogenetic hypotheses for both partners. We produced and combined the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic trees to date with fossil data to generate independent age estimates for fig and pollinator lineages, using both non-parametric rate smoothing and penalized likelihood dating methods. Molecular dating of ten pairs of interacting lineages provides an unparalleled example of plant–insect co-divergence over a geological time frame spanning at least 60 million years.

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