scholarly journals III. On the difference in the properties of Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled malleable iron, as regards the power of receiving and retaining induced magnetism of subpermanent character

1863 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 105-106
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Malleable Iron ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hot Rolled

The author states that he had been desirous of examining whether differences in the degree of change of subpermanent magnetism, such as are exhibited by different iron ships, might not depend on the temperature at which the iron is rolled in the last process of its manufacture. By the good offices of Mr. Fairbairn he had received gratuitously from Richard Smith, Esq., Superintendent of Lord Dudley’s Iron Works at the Round Oak Works near Dudley, twenty-four plates of iron, each 16 inches long, 4 inches broad, and 1/4 inch thick; twelve of which, after having been manufactured with the others in the usual way, had been passed through rollers when quite cold. Each set of twelve was divided into two parcels of six each, one parcel being cut with the length of the bars in the length of extension of the fibres of the iron, the other being cut with the length of the bars transverse to the length of extension.

scholarly journals XV. On the difference in the magnetic properties of hot-rolled and cold-rolled malleable iron, as regards the power of receiving and retaining induced magnetism of subpermanent character

1862 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 273-288
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold State ◽  
Malleable Iron ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hot Rolled

In reflecting on the differences exhibited by different iron-built ships in the change of their subpermanent magnetism, it has often occurred to me as a subject worthy of experimental investigation, whether a portion of this difference might not depend on the temperature at which the plates of iron are passed through the rollers in the last stage of their manufacture. No favourable opportunity of making these experiments presented itself until, in the course of the last winter, I became aware that Mr. Fairbairn had been engaged in experiments on the difference of the strength of plates of malleable iron, according as they had been rolled at a high or at a low temperature. I immediately requested Mr. Fairbairn’s kind offices for procuring for me bars adapted to magnetic experiment, divided into the four classes of—1. Hot-Rolled, with the length of the bars parallel to the direction in which the rolling had lengthened the iron, or parallel to the direction of fibre; 2. Hot-Rolled, with the length of the bars transverse to the direction of fibre; 3. Cold-Rolled, with the length of the bars parallel to the direction of fibre; 4. Cold-Rolled, with the length of the bars transverse to the direction of fibre (which classes will hereafter be described by the words, 1. Hot-Rolled Longitudinal; 2. Hot-Rolled Transversal; 3. Cold-Rolled Longitudinal; 4. Cold-Rolled Transversal). Upon Mr. Fairbairn’s application, the bars which I requested were promptly and gratuitously furnished by Richard Smith, Esq., Superintendent of Lord Dudley’s Iron Works at the Round Oak Works near Dudley. The number of bars was 24, namely, 6 in each of the four classes above described. Each bar was 16 inches long, 4 inches broad, and about ¼ inch thick: the aggregate weight of the bars in each class was, —1st, 28 lbs. 8 oz.; 2nd, 28 lbs. 10 oz.; 3rd, 27 lbs. 10 oz.; 4th, 27 lbs. 8 oz. The manufacture of the bars is described to me in substance as follows:—The hot-rolled and cold-rolled bars were all manufactured in the same way up to the stage of producing sheets of iron of the desired thickness; the last rollings having commenced with large bars at a welding heat, and having terminated with the bars (now converted into sheets) at a dull red heat. Then the sheets to be cold-rolled were allowed to cool to a perfectly cold state, and in that state were rolled afresh between other rollers. After this, the experimental bars were cut out of the sheets. Each set of six bars was packed in one box, with the maker’s inscription on every bar reading forward in the same direction in all.

scholarly journals XIV. On the anomalous magnetic action of hot iron between the white and blood-red heat

1822 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Intermediate State ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equal Size ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Malleable Iron ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Theoretical Results

In consequence of certain theoretical results relative to the magnetic action of iron, obtained by Mr. Charles Bonnycastle, I was desirous of ascertaining the relative attraction which different species of iron and steel had for the magnet; and with this view I procured two bars of each of the following descriptions of metal, 24 inches in length, and 1 inch and a quarter square, which being placed successively in the direction of the dip, at a certain distance from the compass, the disturbance occasioned by each was carefully noted; first with one end upwards, and then with the other; and assuming the tangents of the angles as the measure of the disturbing power, I obtained the following specific results, viz. Mag. Pow. Mag. Pow. Malleable iron - - 100 | Shear steel soft - - 66 Cast iron - - - 48 | ------------- hard - - 53 Blistered steel soft - 67 | Cast steel soft - - 74 ---------------- hard - 53 | ------------ hard - - 49 As it was obvious from these experiments, that the softer the iron the greater was its power, and the contrary, I was desirous of determining how nearly these different kinds of metal would approximate towards each other in their magnetic action, when rendered perfectly soft by being heated in a furnace. With this view, bars of equal size of cast iron, malleable iron, shear steel, &c. were rendered white hot, and being placed in the direction of the dip, as before, their powers, as was anticipated, agreed nearly with each other; but still the cast iron, which was weakest while the metal was cold, exceeded a little in power all the others when hot, and the malleable iron which had the greatest power cold, had the least when hot; but the difference was not very great, and might probably arise from some accidental circumstance. While carrying on these experiments, it had been observed, both by Mr. Bonnycastle and myself, that between the white heat of the metal, when all magnetic action was lost, and the blood-red heat, at which it was the strongest, there was an intermediate state in which the iron attracted the needle the contrary way to what it did when it was cold, viz. if the bar and compass were so situated that the north end of the needle was drawn towards it when cold, the south end was attracted during the interval above alluded to, or while the iron was passing through the shades of colour denoted by the workman the bright red and red heat.

scholarly journals The Difference of Corrosion Behavior in Initial Period for the Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Gao ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Qi Sun ◽  
Peide Han
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Sigma Phase ◽  
Aging Treatment ◽  
Rolled Material ◽  
2205 Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hot Rolled

The precipitate phases often play an important influence on the corrosion resistance of 2205 Duplex stainless steel (DSS). In the presented paper, the microstructure and corrosion resistance in the hot-rolled and cold-rolled 2205 DSS aging for different time at 850 °C was investigated by XRD, SEM and potentiodynamic polarization. It has been found that the Chi(χ) phase and Sigm(σ) phase were precipitated in turn after aging treatment of hot-rolled and cold-rolled materials, but the precipitate amount in cold-rolled material is much more than that of hot-rolled samples. The corrosion resistance of the solution-annealed cold-rolled material is similar to the hot-rolled material, but the corrosion resistance of cold-rolled material with precipitate is weaker than that of hot-rolled material after aging treatment. Pitting initiates preferentially in the Cr-depleted region from σ phase in aged hot-rolled 2205, and severe selective corrosion occurs on sigma/ferrite interfaces aged for a long aged lime. However, the initiation of pitting corrosion may take place at the phase boundary, defect and martensite in the aged cold-rolled 2205. The σ phase is further selectively dissolved by electrochemical method to investigate the difference of microstructure and corrosion behavior in hot-rolled and cold-rolled 2205 duplex stainless steel.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Energy Approximation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Isett
Keyword(s):  
Main Lemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Continuous Solutions ◽  
Material Derivative ◽  
Energy Variation ◽  
Energy Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Vincentia Tri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Minimal Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

SAE 1039

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Hot Rolled

Abstract SAF 1039 steel can be used in the hot-rolled, normalized, oil-quenched-and-tempered or water-quenched-and-tempered condition for general-purpose construction and engineering. Its manganese content is a little higher than some of the other standard carbon steels with comparable carbon levels; this gives it slightly higher hardenability and hardness. It provides medium strength and toughness at low cost. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-66. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

YOUNGSTOWN YS-T50 to YS-T140 STEELS

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Steel Alloy ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Weight Saving ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Minimum Yield

Abstract YS-T 50 to YS-T 140 Steels comprise a series of high-strength, cold-rolled steels designed to meet performance and weight-saving objectives. They are an extension of Youngstown's series of hot-rolled high-strength steels (see Youngstown YS-T Steel, Alloy Digest SA-261, March 1971). The YS-T 50 to YS-T 140 steels have minimum yield strengths ranging from 50,000 psi to 140,000 psi. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength. It also includes information on heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-331. Producer or source: Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company.

Rhetoric and argumentation: the unity of the field

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Meyer
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
False Dilemma ◽  
The Difference ◽  
As If

Rhetoric has always been torn between the rhetoric of figures and the rhetoric of conflicts or arguments, as if rhetoric were exclusively one or the other. This is a false dilemma. Both types of rhetoric hinge on the same structure. A common formula is provided in Chapter 3 which unifies rhetoric stricto sensu and rhetoric as argumentation as two distinct but related strategies adopted according to the level of problematicity of the questions at stake, thereby giving unity to the field called “Rhetoric.” Highly problematic questions require arguments to justify their answers; non-divisive ones can be treated rhetorically through their answers as if they were self-evident. Another classic problem is how to understand the difference between logic and rhetoric. The difference between the two is due to the presence of questions explicitly answered in the premises in logic and only suggested (or remaining indeterminate) in rhetoric.

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