Pleistocene vegetational history and geology in Norfolk, with an appendix on the non-marine mollusca from Swanton Morley

1976 ◽  
Vol 275 (937) ◽  
pp. 215-286 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Tree Pollen ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Deep Channel ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Zone Ii ◽  
Organic Deposits ◽  
Lake Deposits

Three Ipswichian Interglacial sites are described, at Mundesley on the northeast Norfolk coast, and at Beetley and Swanton Morley in central Norfolk. Two Hoxnian Interglacial sites are also described, at Barford and Dunston, again in central Norfolk. Pollen diagrams from boreholes in channel sediments cutting the Contorted Drift at Mundesley span zones l b to III of the Ipswichian Interglacial, and a Devensian age for the Drift or for the ice movements producing the contortions must be discounted. ‘Cannonshot’ gravels at Beetley, considered to belong to the Wolstonian retreat, are overlain by organic layers indicating zone II of the Ipswichian Interglacial, and a Devensian interstadial. Interesting plant records include Damasonium alisma in the interglacial deposits, and Picea abies cf. ssp. obovata and Bruckenthalia spiculifolia in the interstadial beds. Fossils in organic deposits at Swanton Morley, late Wolstonian to early Devensian in age and pocketed in floodplain sands and gravels, include the exotic Acer monspessulanum , and mammalian bones referred to Ipswichian zone III. At Barford, organic lake deposits of the Hoxnian Interglacial overlie Anglian boulder clay which lies in a deep channel in the Chalk. The organic beds, which are of late Anglian to Hoxnian zone III age, are overlain in turn by solifluction deposits and by a cannonshot gravel attributed to the Wolstonian retreat. The high non-tree pollen phase recorded at Hoxne and Marks Tey in subzone Ho II c is also found here. Pollen from lake deposits at Dunston indicates subzone Ho III b and zone Ho IV, and there is palynological evidence for widespread erosion in zone Ho IV.

Studies of Glacial History in Arctic Canada. II. Interglacial Peat Deposits on Bathurst Island

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1025-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weston Blake Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Glacial History ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Organic Deposits ◽  
Age Determinations

Sixteen radiocarbon age determinations on peat deposits and buried organic layers at 10 localities within the Queen Elizabeth Islands have resulted in ages between >30 000 and >51 000 years. Similar results have been obtained from the southern Arctic islands, and as yet only one meaningful finite date in the 50 000 to 25 000 year-range has resulted from the dating of driftwood or in situ terrestrial organic materials in the entire archipelago.On Bathurst Island, where two dates of >50 000 years have been obtained, evidence from the assemblages of mosses, vascular plants, and insects in peat and organic layers indicates that climatic conditions were somewhat more favorable than at present when these deposits were forming. The available data are such that all deposits cannot necessarily be related to the same non-glacial interval, but the extensive deposits along the Stuart River are hereby assigned to the Stuart River Interglaciation.The lack of organic materials dating between 50 000 and 25 000 years in the Queen Elizabeth Islands may be because: (1) the area was ice-covered throughout Wisconsin time; (2) any mid-Wisconsin non-glacial interval was too short or had too severe a climate for deposits to accumulate; (3) organic deposits relating to this interval have been eroded; or (4) deposits of this age do exist but they have not been collected.

Interglacial deposits at Ilford, Essex

1964 ◽  
Vol 247 (738) ◽  
pp. 185-212 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Fauna ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Organic Sediments ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Flora ◽  
Organic Deposits

At Ilford, Essex, organic sediments have been found beneath the brickearth, long famous for its rich mammalian fauna. Pollen analysis shows that these organic sediments and the lower part of the overlying brickearth were deposited during the Ipswichian (Last) Interglacial. The pollen diagrams show the vegetational succession typical of the first half of the interglacial, with pollen zones b, c, d, e and f , which cover the early treeless part of the interglacial and the change to forested conditions with Pinus and Quercus . The rich flora of macroscopic plant remains indicates that a climate with summers warmer than now obtain in the area prevailed probably in zone c and more certainly in the later zones. Analyses of the macroscopic plant remains and the non-marine Mollusca demonstrate that the organic deposits were formed in a large pond or a small stream, tributary to the Thames at that time. A rising base level, probably resulting from the rise in sea-level known to occur in zone f of the interglacial, caused the Thames floodplain to extend over the organic deposits, and brickearth was deposited up to a height of 42 ft. O.D. at least. The surface of the brickearth was contorted by cryoturbation during the Weichselian (Last) Glaciation. The Ilford temperate deposits are correlated with temperate fossiliferous deposits at Little Thurrock (Grays), and more tentatively, with temperate fossiliferous deposits at Erith, Crayford and Ebbsfleet. The consequences of the dating of the Ilford brickearth to the Ipswichian Interglacial for the terrace succession of the lower Thames valley are considered.

scholarly journals Geochronology of Betula extensions in pollen diagrams of Alpine Late-glacial lake deposits: A case study of the Late-glacial deposits of the Gasserplatz soil archives (Vorarlberg, Austria)

2013 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. van Mourik ◽  
Ruud T. Slotboom ◽  
Johannes van der Plicht ◽  
Harm Jan Streurman ◽  
Wim J. Kuijper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Glacial ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Glacial Deposits ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Lake Deposits

Palaeoenvironments in the Vale of Pickering. Part I: Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography of Seamer Carr, Star Carr and Flixton Carr

1988 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Cloutman
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Pollen Zone ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Mesolithic Period ◽  
Organic Deposits

A contour map of part of the basin of the glacial Lake Pickering was constructed from surface and sub-surface levels. This map (figs 2, 3 and 4) gives a pictorial representation of the microtopography of the area and is amplified by an additional map (fig. 13) in which the margin of the organic deposits is given for the early Mesolithic period, based on evidence outlined below. A stratigraphical survey of the basin deposits shows that the infilling of the lake in the Devensian Late-glacial began largely with the deposition of calcareous muds. In the early Flandrian there followed a natural hydroseral development from open water to reedswamp and fen carr. Towards the end of the Boreal period and during the early Atlantic, a rise in water level was responsible for the replacement of fen carr by reedswamp. The rate of hydroseral development was affected by a progressive rise of water level. This has been determined (estimated) by radio-carbon dating the basal organic muds on the 23, 24 and 25 m OD sub-surface contours at eight sites within the study area. During the early Mesolithic (Godwin's pollen Zone IV, c.9600 BP)the water level in the basin was likely to have been in the range of 23–24.5 m OD. By reference to the dating evidence, including published pollen diagrams (Walker and Godwin 1954) and new data presented in Parts 2 and 3, the stratigraphical evidence is interpreted to show that there was considerable variation in the vegetation of the lake margin during the early Mesolithic period (pollen Zone IV). At Seamer Carr there was a large area of fen carr woodland with reedswamp fringing the open water. Star Carr had a much larger area of reedswamp, with open water close to the dry land in places, but with a narrow fringe of carr. The bed of the ancient River Hertford, which drained the basin, probably in the late Mesolithic, has been identified in two of the sections which traverse the basin.

PUMPING TESTS AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF AN ARTESIAN AQUIFER NEAR HORSENS, DENMARK

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. ANDERSEN ◽  
Z. HAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pumping Test ◽  
Bearing Material ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Glacial Outwash ◽  
Barometric Efficiency ◽  
Artesian Aquifer ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Aquifer Properties ◽  
Lake Deposits

In the Egebjerg area, near Horsens, several aquifers consisting of glacial outwash material deposited in a glacial eroded buried valley in the Tertiary formation have been encountered. The lowest of these, which is the main productive aquifer, and which has leaky artesian conditions, has been investigated. The thickness of this aquifer varies from 10-40 m. The lower confining bed consists of boulder clay or meltwater clay underlain by boulder clay. The upper confining bed, where leakage occurs, consists of meltwater clay with thickness from 0 to 5 m. The upper meltwater deposits include a sequence of interglacial lake deposits and several layers or laminae of clay, which separate this water-bearing material into more aquifers with watertable or artesian conditions. In the eastern part of the area boulder clay deposits are found at the top of the sequence. The Theis modified non-equilibrium equation and its derived formula for the non-steady-state leaky artesian case have been used to determine aquifer properties from pumping test data. By means of Jacob's method and a logarithmic method, well characteristics are determined graphically. Barometric efficiency, reverse fluctuations, and boundary conditions are recorded and discussed.

The Pleistocene geology of the area north and west of Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England

1973 ◽  
Vol 265 (868) ◽  
pp. 233-297 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Glacial ◽  
Deep Channel ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Glacial Outwash ◽  
Ice Wedge ◽  
Area North ◽  
Modern Landscape ◽  
Organic Deposits ◽  
Glacial Advance ◽  
The Last Glacial

Two hundred and fifty-two square kilometres of land north and west of Wolverhampton have been mapped on a scale of 1:10 560. This area includes a sequence at Four Ashes which has been designated the type section for the Devensian stage of the British Pleistocene. The last glacial advance into the West Midlands occurred during the Upper Devensian, some time after 30500 years B.P., terminating along the ‘Wolverhampton Line’ marked by a pronounced thickening of the till sheet and a concentration of large erratics. The till at Four Ashes overlies a thin series of gravels which had at its base a restricted deposit of Ipswichian date and included many lenses of peat or organic silt ranging in age from ca . 70000 B.P. to later than 30^500 B.P. (Lower and Middle Devensian) representing a period of fluctuating climate ranging from cool temperate to arctic continental in severity. During this period there was a considerable amount of erosion, resulting in the formation of the ‘modern’ landscape which has only been modified by glacial deposition and post-till periglacial activity. The earliest Pleistocene deposits found in the region are believed to be glacial outwash gravels, probably of late Anglian age which are overlain by Hoxnian Interglacial silts and clays. These early deposits occur beneath the till sheet of the last ice and extend for at least 10 km south of the Wolverhampton Line as eroded relics of a deep channel filling. Glacio-fluvial gravel sequences post-date the retreat of the Late Devensian ice and are concentrated along the principal drainage lines. Late-Glacial organic deposits indicate that the ice had retreated prior to 13490 years B.P. in the Stafford region. A periglacial environment followed the retreat of the last ice (as evidenced by ice-wedge casts and ice-wedge polygons) and this is thought to have lasted until the climatic amelioration which started around 12 500 years B.P.

Palynology of the Great Lakes: The Surface Sediments of Lake Ontario

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 777-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. McAndrews ◽  
Dennis M. Power
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Small Lakes ◽  
Trend Surface Analysis ◽  
Tree Pollen ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Pollen Diagrams

Pollen was analyzed in the surface 1 cm of sediment taken from 90 sample stations collected in 1968 from a 16 km grid on Lake Ontario. Sixty-nine taxa were identified and the more abundant taxa subjected to trend surface analysis. Pollen concentration in 60 samples; ranged up to 240 000 grains per g dry sediment with the higher concentration in the offshore silt and clay sediments of the basins. Pollen percentages of 80 stations were based on 100 or more tree pollen with the average percentage values above 5% for tree pollen being Pinus 33.8, Quercus 23.6, Betula 8.3, Cupressineae 6.3, and Acer saccharum 5.5.The highest values of herb pollen were of weedy taxa, and these are Ambrosia 46.1, Gramineae 20.0, and Chenopodiineae 5.8. Throughout the greater part of the lake the percentages were generally uniform and reflect the vegetation of the drainage basin of the lake. Local variations are related to recycling of pollen from older sediments and to local river sources. Comparison of pollen percentages of Lake Ontario with percentages in the surface sediment of nearby small lakes shows that Lake Ontario has a generalized assemblage derived from a broad source region but that Tsuga, Ulmus, and Fagus are relatively under-represented for poorly understood reasons. The general uniformity of percentages in Lake Ontario suggests that pollen diagrams can be widely correlated within the lake.

Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Thin Films for Applications in Tissue Engineering: Emphasis on Cell-Surface Interactions

2012 ◽  
Vol 1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Wertheimer ◽  
Amélie St-Georges-Robillard ◽  
Sophie Lerouge ◽  
Fackson Mwale ◽  
Bentsian Elkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Charged Surfaces ◽  
Orthopedic Medicine ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Organic Deposits

ABSTRACTIn several recent communications from these laboratories, we have described observations that thin organic layers which are rich in primary amine (R-NH2) groups are very efficient surfaces for the adhesion of mammalian cells, even for controlling the differentiation of stem cells. We prepare such deposits by plasma polymerization at low pressure (thin films designated “L-PPE:N”, for “Low-pressure Plasma Polymerized Ethylene containing Nitrogen”), at atmospheric (“High”) pressure (“H-PPE:N”), or by vacuum-ultraviolet photo-polymerization (“UV-PE:N”). More recently, we have also investigated a commercially available material, Parylene diX AM.In the present communication we shall, first, briefly introduce literature relating to electrostatic interactions between cells, proteins, and charged surfaces. Next, we discuss the comparative results of physico-chemical characterizations of the various organic deposits mentioned above, which deliberately contain varying concentrations of nitrogen, [N], and amine groups, [NH2]. Finally, we present certain selected cell-response results that pertain to applications in orthopedic medicine; we discuss the influence of surface properties on the observed behaviors of various cell lines, with particular emphasis on possible electrostatic attractive forces due to positively charged R-NH3+ groups and negatively charged proteins and cells, respectively.

A TEM study of the interface between organic matrix and aragonite in a biological hard tissue, nacre

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1024-1025
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Katie E. Gunnison ◽  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Laminated Composite ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Interfacial Structure ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Transmission Electron

The interfacial structure between the organic and inorganic phases in biological hard tissues plays an important role in controlling the growth and the mechanical properties of these materials. The objective of this work was to investigate these interfaces in nacre by transmission electron microscopy. The nacreous section of several different seashells -- abalone, pearl oyster, and nautilus -- were studied. Nacre is a laminated composite material consisting of CaCO3 platelets (constituting > 90 vol.% of the overall composite) separated by a thin organic matrix. Nacre is of interest to biomimetics because of its highly ordered structure and a good combination of mechanical properties. In this study, electron transparent thin sections were prepared by a low-temperature ion-beam milling procedure and by ultramicrotomy. To reveal structures in the organic layers as well as in the interfacial region, samples were further subjected to chemical fixation and labeling, or chemical etching. All experiments were performed with a Philips 430T TEM/STEM at 300 keV with a liquid Nitrogen sample holder.

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