scholarly journals Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modifies innate immunity and alters disease outcome in pigs subsequently infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus: implications for respiratory viral co-infections

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 2713-2723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwonil Jung ◽  
Gourapura J. Renukaradhya ◽  
Konstantin P. Alekseev ◽  
Ying Fang ◽  
Yuxin Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

The innate immune response is critical for host defence against respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs). This study demonstrated that an ongoing respiratory virus infection compromises innate immune responses and affects the pathogenesis of a respiratory CoV co-infection. An innate immunosuppressive respiratory virus infection was established by infecting weaned pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV); 10 days later, the pigs were exposed to porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). The PRRSV/PRCV dual-infected pigs had reduced weight gains, a higher incidence of fever and more severe pneumonia compared with either single infection. Significant suppression of innate immune responses [reduced alpha interferon (IFN-α) levels in the lungs and reduced blood natural killer cell cytotoxicity] by the ongoing PRRSV infection was observed in dual-infected pigs, which coincided with exacerbated pneumonia during early PRCV infection. The subsequent PRCV infection led to enhanced PRRSV replication in the lungs and a trend towards increased serum T-helper type 1 (Th1) (IFN-γ) but decreased Th2 [interleukin (IL)-4] responses, further exacerbating PRRSV pneumonia. Following PRCV infection, more severe PRRSV-related pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) apoptosis occurred, as determined by an in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay, suggesting increased PRRSV replication in PAMs. Collectively, these observations suggest interactive effects between PRCV and PRRSV via early innate (IFN-α) and later adaptive Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) immune responses. These findings imply that an existing immunomodulating respiratory viral co-infection may be a contributing factor to more severe pneumonia in respiratory CoV disease. This study provides new insights into host–pathogen interactions related to co-infection by CoVs and other respiratory viruses.

scholarly journals Aedes aegypti Saliva Enhances Dengue Virus Infection of Human Keratinocytes by Suppressing Innate Immune Responses

2012 ◽  
Vol 132 (8) ◽  
pp. 2103-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornapat Surasombatpattana ◽  
Sirilaksana Patramool ◽  
Natthanej Luplertlop ◽  
Hans Yssel ◽  
Dorothée Missé
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Dengue Virus Infection

scholarly journals Pregnancy alters innate immune responses to Zika virus infection in the genital tract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey E. Lesteberg ◽  
Dana S. Fader ◽  
J. David Beckham
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Zika Virus Infection ◽  
Pregnant Mice

AbstractRecent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) have been associated with birth defects, including microcephaly and neurological impairment. However, the mechanisms which confer increased susceptibility to ZIKV during pregnancy remain unclear. We hypothesized that poor outcomes from ZIKV infection during pregnancy are due in part to pregnancy-induced alteration of innate immune cell frequencies and cytokine expression. To examine the impact of pregnancy on innate immune responses, we inoculated pregnant and non-pregnant female C57BL/6 mice with 5×105 FFU of ZIKV intravaginally. Innate immune cell frequencies and cytokine expression were measured by flow cytometry at day 3 post infection. Compared to non-pregnant mice, pregnant mice exhibited higher frequencies of uterine macrophages (CD68+) and tolerogenic dendritic cells (CD11c+ CD103+ and CD11c+ CD11b+). Additionally, ZIKV-infected pregnant mice had lower frequencies of CD45+ IL-12+ and CD11b+ IL-12+ cells in the uterus and spleen. These data show that pregnancy results in an altered innate immune response to ZIKV infection in the genital tract of mice and that pregnancy-associated immune modulation may play an important role in the severity of acute ZIKV infection.ImportancePregnant females longer duration that viremia following infection with Zika virus but the mechanism of this is not established. Innate immune cellular responses are important for controlling virus infection and are important for development and maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the acute immune response to Zika virus during pregnancy may be altered so that the pregnancy can be maintained. To examine this interaction, we utilized a mouse model of Zika virus infection during pregnancy using intravaginal inoculation. We found that following Zika virus infection, pregnant mice exhibited increased expression of tolerant or non-inflammatory dendritic cells. Additionally, we found that pregnant mice have significantly depressed ability to secrete the cytokine IL-12 from innate immune cells in the uterus and the spleen while maintaining MHCII expression. These findings show that pregnancy-induced changes in the innate immune cells are biased towards tolerance and can result in decreased antigen-dependent stimulation of immune responses.

scholarly journals Sex differences in innate anti-viral immune responses to respiratory viruses and in their clinical outcomes in a birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eteri Regis ◽  
Sara Fontanella ◽  
Lijing Lin ◽  
Rebecca Howard ◽  
Sadia Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

AbstractThe mechanisms explaining excess morbidity and mortality in respiratory infections among males are poorly understood. Innate immune responses are critical in protection against respiratory virus infections. We hypothesised that innate immune responses to respiratory viruses may be deficient in males. We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 345 participants at age 16 years in a population-based birth cohort with three live respiratory viruses (rhinoviruses A16 and A1, and respiratory syncytial virus) and two viral mimics (R848 and CpG-A, to mimic responses to SARS-CoV-2) and investigated sex differences in interferon (IFN) responses. IFN-α responses to all viruses and stimuli were 1.34–2.06-fold lower in males than females (P = 0.018 −  < 0.001). IFN-β, IFN-γ and IFN-induced chemokines were also deficient in males across all stimuli/viruses. Healthcare records revealed 12.1% of males and 6.6% of females were hospitalized with respiratory infections in infancy (P = 0.017). In conclusion, impaired innate anti-viral immunity in males likely results in high male morbidity and mortality from respiratory virus infections.

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