scholarly journals Endogenous Receptor Agonists: Resolving Inflammation

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1440-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bannenberg ◽  
Makoto Arita ◽  
Charles N. Serhan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Inflammation Resolution ◽  
Specific Lipid ◽  
Chemical Mediators

Controlled resolution or the physiologic resolution of a well-orchestrated inflammatory response at the tissue level is essential to return to homeostasis. A comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular events that control the termination of acute inflammation is needed in molecular terms given the widely held view that aberrant inflammation underlies many common diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the role of arachidonic acid and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)–derived lipid mediators in regulating the resolution of inflammation. Using a functional lipidomic approach employing LC-MS-MS–based informatics, recent studies, reviewed herein, uncovered new families of local-acting chemical mediators actively biosynthesized during the resolution phase from the essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These new families of local chemical mediators are generated endogenously in exudates collected during the resolution phase, and were coined resolvins and protectins because specific members of these novel chemical families control both the duration and magnitude of inflammation in animal models of complex diseases. Recent advances on the biosynthesis, receptors, and actions of these novel anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators are reviewed with the aim to bring to attention the important role of specific lipid mediators as endogenous agonists in inflammation resolution.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Phospholipase-Derived Cleavage Products in Regulating Eosinophil Activity: Focus on Lysophospholipids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4356
Author(s):  
Eva Knuplez ◽  
Eva Maria Sturm ◽  
Gunther Marsche
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype

Eosinophils are important effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. When stimulated, eosinophils release a variety of mediators initiating, propagating, and maintaining local inflammation. Both, the activity and concentration of secreted and cytosolic phospholipases (PLAs) are increased in allergic inflammation, promoting the cleavage of phospholipids and thus the production of reactive lipid mediators. Eosinophils express high levels of secreted phospholipase A2 compared to other leukocytes, indicating their direct involvement in the production of lipid mediators during allergic inflammation. On the other side, eosinophils have also been recognized as crucial mediators with regulatory and homeostatic roles in local immunity and repair. Thus, targeting the complex network of lipid mediators offer a unique opportunity to target the over-activation and ‘pro-inflammatory’ phenotype of eosinophils without compromising the survival and functions of tissue-resident and homeostatic eosinophils. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the critical role of phospholipase-derived lipid mediators in modulating eosinophil activity in health and disease. We focus on lysophospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids with exciting new perspectives for future drug development.

The role of n−3 essential fatty acids in brain and behavioral development: A cross-fostering study in the mouse

Lipids ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Wainwright ◽  
Y. S. Huang ◽  
B. Bulman-Fleming ◽  
D. E. Mills ◽  
P. Redden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Behavioral Development ◽  
Cross Fostering

Selective retention of essential fatty acids: the role of hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. R414-R419 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Xia ◽  
N. Mostafa ◽  
B. G. Bhat ◽  
G. L. Florant ◽  
R. A. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Selective Retention ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Assay Conditions ◽  
Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase

In the suckling rat, chick embryo, and hibernating marmot, fatty acids provide the major source of energy, and despite the high rate of hepatic beta-oxidation, these animals selectively retain long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3. To determine whether the hepatic microsomal activity monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) (EC 2.3.1.22) could provide a mechanism to selectively acylate monoacylglycerols that contain essential fatty acids, we tested the ability of MGAT activity from each of the three species to acylate sn-2-monoC18:1-, sn-2-monoC18:2-, sn-2-monoC18:3-, and sn-2-monoC20:4-glycerols. Hepatic MGAT activity acylated sn-2-monoC18:3-glycerol and sn-2-monoC18:2-glycerol in preference to sn-2-monoC18:1-glycerol in each of the three different lipolytic animals. MGAT's acyl group specificity could not be explained by invoking differences in membrane fluidity because the apparent affinity for sn-2-monoC20:4-glycerol was not increased. Further, sn-2-monoC18:3-glycerol remained a preferred substrate under assay conditions when both the C18:3 and C18:1 species were present in equal amounts. As would be predicted in the presence of high activity of a selective MGAT, the hepatic glycerolipids from neonatal rats showed increases in dienoic, trienoic, and C22:6 fatty acids and relative decreases in monoenoic, saturated, and C20:4 fatty acids. We hypothesize that, during lipolysis, the reacylation of sn-2-monoacylglycerols by MGAT may provide a mechanism by which essential fatty acids are retained within specific tissues.

Role of oleic acid in the metabolism of essential fatty acids

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Dhopeshwarkar ◽  
James F. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids

The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins in Cercarial Penetration (Schistosoma mansoni)

1984 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Salafsky ◽  
Yu-Sheng Wang ◽  
Alan C. Fusco ◽  
Jill Antonacci
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in the Pathophysiology of Asthma

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oxana Kytikova ◽  
Tatyana Novgorodtseva ◽  
Yulia Denisenko ◽  
Marina Antonyuk ◽  
Tatyana Gvozdenko
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Bronchial Obstruction ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

Asthma is one of the most important medical and social problems of our time due to the prevalence and the complexity of its treatment. Chronic inflammation that is characteristic of asthma is accompanied by bronchial obstruction, which involves various lipid mediators produced from n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The review is devoted to modern ideas about the PUFA metabolites—eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes) and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) maresins, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins. The latest advances in clinical lipidomics for identifying and disclosing the mechanism of synthesis and the biological action of SPMs have been given. The current views on the peculiarities of the inflammatory reaction in asthma and the role of highly specialized metabolites of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in this process have been described. The possibility of using SPMs as therapeutic agents aimed at controlling the resolution of inflammation in asthma is discussed.

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