scholarly journals Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England: Results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey Pilot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen B Pouwels ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
Julie V Robotham ◽  
Paul Birrell ◽  
Andrew B Gelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Patient Contact ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To estimate the percentage of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) over time in the community in England and to quantify risk factors. Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of population-representative households with longitudinal follow-up if consent given. Setting: England. Participants: 34,992 Individuals aged 2 years and over from 16,722 private residential households. Data were collected in a pilot phase of the survey between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Main outcome measures: Percentage of individuals in the community testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using throat and nose swabs. Individuals were asked about any symptoms and potential risk factors. Results: The percentage of people in private-residential households testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 reduced from 0.32% (95% credible interval (CrI) 0.19% to 0.52%) on 26 April to 0.08% (95% CrI 0.05% to 0.12%) on 28 June, although the prevalence stabilised near the end of the pilot. Factors associated with an increased risk of testing positive included having a job with direct patient contact (relative exposure (RE) 4.06, 95% CrI 2.42 to 6.77)), working outside the home (RE 2.49, 95% CrI 1.39 to 4.45), and having had contact with a hospital (RE 2.20, 95% CrI 1.09 to 4.16 for having been to a hospital individually and RE 1.95, 95% CrI 0.81 to 4.09 for a household member having been to a hospital). In 133 visits where individuals tested positive, 82 (61%, 95% CrI 53% to 69%) reported no symptoms, stably over time. Conclusion: The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals declined between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Positive tests commonly occurred without symptoms being reported. Working outside your home was an important risk factor, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be essential for early detection of increases in infections following return to work and other relaxations of control measures.

scholarly journals Perioperative changes of response to antiplatelet medication in vascular surgery patients

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244330
Author(s):  
Thomas Hummel ◽  
Saskia Hannah Meves ◽  
Andreas Breuer-Kaiser ◽  
Jan-Ole Düsterwald ◽  
Dominic Mühlberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Vascular Surgery ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Antiplatelet Medication ◽  
Impedance Aggregometry ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Artery Disease

Introduction Reduced antiplatelet activity of aspirin (ALR) or clopidogrel (CLR) is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events. The reported prevalence data for low-responders vary widely and there have been few investigations in vascular surgery patients even though they are at high risk for thromb-embolic complications. The aim of this prospective observational monocentric study was to elucidate possible changes in ALR or CLR after common vascular procedures. Methods Activity of aspirin and clopidogrel was measured by impedance aggregometry using a multiple electrode aggregometer (Multiplate®). Possible risk factors for ALR or CLR were identified by demographical, clinical data and laboratory parameters. In addition, a follow-up aggregometry was performed after completion of the vascular procedure to identify changes in antiplatelet response. Results A total of 176 patients taking antiplatelet medications aspirin and/or clopidogrel with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and/or carotid stenosis (CS) were included in the study. The prevalence of ALR was 13.1% and the prevalence of CLR was 32% in the aggregometry before vascular treatment. Potential risk factors identified in the aspirin group were concomitant insulin medication (p = 0.0006) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.0021). The overall ALR increased significantly postoperatively to 27.5% (p = 0.0006); however, there was no significant change in CLR that was detected. In a subgroup analysis elevation of the platelet count was associated with a post-procedure increase of ALR incidence. Conclusion The incidence of ALR in vascular surgery patients increases after vascular procedures. An elevated platelet count was detected as a risk factor. Further studies are necessary to analyse this potential influence on patency rates of vascular reconstructions.

scholarly journals Healthcare Workers Infection Rate in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 - in Tertiary Teaching Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 651-658
Author(s):  
Mona Mohiedden ◽  
Aml M. Said ◽  
Ahmed M. Ali ◽  
Mohammed M. Abdel Razik ◽  
Maha Ali Gad
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tertiary Teaching ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at the frontline defense against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. AIM: The study aimed to describe the characteristics and appraise potential risk factors of COVID-19 transmission among HCWs who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in one of Cairo University Hospitals. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive analysis of confirmed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive versus negative cases for COVID-19. RESULTS: Through March–June 2020, (145/846; 17%) suspected HCWs were tested for COVID-19 by PCR; out of them (70/145; 48.3%) were confirmed as positive, these positive cases represented (70/846; 8.3%) of all HCWs of the hospital. About 33% of confirmed COVID-19 positive HCWs acquired the infection from the healthcare while only (13/70; 19%) from community settings, and no clear exposure data were identified in (34/70; 48%) of cases. Most of symptomatic cases showed a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 versus asymptomatic cases, p < 0.001. There was no statistical significance regarding gender, age, presence of comorbidity, workload or the type of acquisition. CONCLUSION: HCWs are at an increased risk of COVID-19 infection at the workplace. Strict implementation of infection control measures is of crucial role in preventing transmission of COVID-19 infection in health-care settings.

scholarly journals The prevalence of serum antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in ranch cattle in Tanzania : a cross-sectional study

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Swai ◽  
P.F. Mtui ◽  
A.K. Chang'a ◽  
G.E. Machange
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ehrlichia Ruminantium ◽  
Increased Risk

Serum samples collected in a cross-sectional survey of grazing cattle on Manyara Ranch, Monduli district, Tanzania, were tested by indirect major antigenic protein 1 fragment B (MAP 1-B) ELISA to determine the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia ruminantium and to assess ranch-level risk factors for heartwater. Heartwater-exposed cattle were widespread on the ranch and overall seroprevalence was 50.3 % (95% CI, 44.9 -55.6), enough to indicate an endemically unstable situation. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was used to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Two factors appeared to increase the herd's risk for contracting heartwater. Seroprevalence increased significantly with age (β= 0.19 per year of age, P < 0.001) and animals carrying ticks of any species were associated with an increased risk of infection with E. ruminantium (Odds ratio, OR = 3.3, P < 0.001). The force of infection based on the age seroprevalence profile was estimated at 18 per 100 cattle year-risk. The current tick control measures on the ranch were associated with a decreased risk of infection with E.ruminantium (OR=0.25 for no dipping and OR=0.31 for low dipping, P < 0.001). Six tick species were identified; in order of frequency these were: Ambylomma variegatum 59.9 %, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi 13.9 %, Rhipicephalus pulchellus 12.5 %, Hyalomma truncatum 7.03 % and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 6.07 %. The least encountered tick was Rhipicephalus simus, which accounted for 0.38 %. The cattle seemed well adapted to their environment and capable of resisting the tick burden under this extensive wildlife / livestock grazing and interaction system.

scholarly journals Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Community-Based Osteoporosis and Associated Fractures in Beijing: Study Protocol for a Cross-Sectional and Prospective Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghua Sun ◽  
Yili Zhang ◽  
Hao Shen ◽  
Kai Sun ◽  
Baoyu Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Community Data

Background: Osteoporosis (OP) patients are usually asymptomatic until osteoporotic fractures occur, which makes early diagnosis and prevention difficult, and the associated fractures secondary to OP could be preventable with appropriate management. Therefore, early identification and relevant evidence-based management of OP could guide the prevention of subsequent fractures. This study will investigate the prevalence of OP and the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in Beijing community residents to further explore the related risk factors and put forward suggestions for people aged 45–80 years old.Methods: Over 2 years, this study will conduct an OP screening and a prospective follow-up in the Beijing community to investigate the incidence of osteoporotic fractures. The study will undertake bone mineral density detection, collect biological samples, and record information via questionnaires.Discussion: The study aims to investigate the potential risk factors for osteoporosis and explore syndromes from traditional Chinese medicine that are associated with this condition based on large samples from the Beijing community. Data on the incidence of osteoporotic fractures among community dwellers in Beijing over the two-years will be available on the Chinese clinical trial registry: ChiCTR-SOC-17013090.

scholarly journals The Use of Rose Bengal Plate Test to Asses Cattle Exposure to Brucella Infection in Traditional and Smallholder Dairy Production Systems of Tanga Region of Tanzania

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Senyael Swai ◽  
Luuk Schoonman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Smallholder Dairy

A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and to identify risk factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in traditional and smallholder dairy cattle production systems in the Tanga region of North-eastern Tanzania. The study populations comprised 246 indigenous and 409 crossbred cattle, randomly selected from 105 smallholder dairy and 25 traditional managed herds, respectively. Individual animal and herd-level data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were screened forBrucellaantibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test The overall seroprevalence ofBrucellaantibodies in the smallholder dairy and traditional managed cattle was 4.1% and 7.3% respectively. The corresponding overall herd prevalence was 10.5% and 20% respectively. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, closeness to stock route, access to surface drinking water and location were identified as the major risk factors for individual herd seroprevalence. Older animals (6 years) were associated with increased risk of sero-positivity compared to animals of age category of 6 years. The results showed that brucellosis is prevalent and widely distributed locally, underscoring the need for further studies including surveillance and institution of preventive and control measures particularly among female young-stock and the general public who are at high risk of contracting brucellosis.

Abstract TMP112: Subsequent Hemorrhage in Children With Untreated Brain Arteriovenous Malformation: Higher Risk With Unbalanced Inflow and Outflow Angioarchitecture

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Yuanli Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Arteriovenous Shunt ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Ectasia

Instruction: Children with brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are at risk of life-threatening hemorrhage in their early lives. Our aim was to analyze various angiographic features of bAVM in conjunction with other morphological risk factors to predict the risk of subsequent hemorrhage during follow-up in children. Methods: We identified all consecutive children admitted to our institution for bAVMs between July 2009 and September 2015. Children with at least 1 month of treatment-free follow-up after diagnosis were included in further analysis. The effects of bAVM features on hemorrhagic presentation were studied. Annual rates of AVM rupture as well as several potential risk factors for subsequent hemorrhage were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: We identified 110 patients with a mean follow-up period of 2.1 years (range, 1 month-15.4 years). The average annual risk of hemorrhage from untreated AVMs was 4.3%. Risk factors predicting hemorrhagic presentation in multivariable analysis were no generalized venous ectasia, deep venous drainage, fast arteriovenous shunt, and deep location. No generalized venous ectasia in conjunction with fast arteriovenous shunt was predictive of subsequent hemorrhage (RR, 7.55; 95%CI, 1.96-29.06). The annual rupture risk was 11.1% in bAVMs without generalized venous ectasia but with fast arteriovenous shunt. Conclusions: bAVM angiographic features suggesting unbalanced inflow and outflow might be helpful to identify children at higher risk for hemorrhage. No generalized venous ectasia and fast artriovenous shunt might be associated with an increased risk for hemorrhagic presentation and subsequent hemorrhage in pediatric patients with untreated bAVM.

scholarly journals Current status of subclinical form of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle at Rangpur district in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASMS Rahman ◽  
SMMR Sumon ◽  
MAHNA Khan ◽  
MT Islam
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Babesiosis and anaplasmosis are important tick borne diseases and they are responsible for significant economic losses for livestock industry worldwide. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in randomly selected 400 cattle at two upazilas of Rangpur district in Bangladesh, to estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors of Babesia and Anaplasma infections. Microscopic examination of Giemsa’s stained blood films was carried out for the tentative diagnosis of infections. Multiplex PCR was also performed to confirm microscopically positive samples. To identify the risk factors, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated. The overall prevalence of Babesia and Anaplasma infections were 1.5% and 3.5%, respectively. The prevalence of Babesia infections recorded in Gangachara and Pirgachaupazilas were 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively while it was 3.8% and 3.3%, respectively for Anaplasma infection. Insignificantly higher prevalence of both infections was recorded in crossbred cattle than those of indigenous cattle. Female cattle had insignificantly higher infection (3.8%) with Anaplasma than the male cattle (2.3%) while no infection with Babesia was found in any male cattle. None of the calves (?1 yr) had infection with either organism. However, infection with both organisms was more prevalent in young cattle (>1-2.5 yr) than those of adult cattle (>2.5 yr). The availability of blood sucking ticks was one of the potential risk factors for both infections (OR = 6-7). Age (>1-2.5 yr) was identified as another important risk factor which had significant association with the occurrence of Anaplasma infection (OR = 4.36). The information generated from this study could be useful as basic information for further advanced epidemiological study and formulation of control measures of the tick borne diseases.Progressive Agriculture 26:51-59, 2015

P3624Prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease linked to prognosis in psoriasis patients referred for coronary computed tomography angiography: A multicentre cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Tinggaard ◽  
K F Hjuler ◽  
I T Andersen ◽  
S Winther ◽  
L Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Background Psoriasis (Pso) is a disease characterized by systemic inflammation and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the degree of coronary artery calcification in Pso and its relation to prognosis is largely unknown. Purpose The aim of this study was 1) to estimate the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in this patient group and 2) to asses the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including revascularization and all-cause mortality after initial diagnosis and treatment in a large-scale cohort of patients who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) due to angina symptoms. Methods This study consists of two parts using data from the Western Denmark Heart Registry; a cross-sectional study included 40,125 patients and a follow-up study included 42,861 patients. Pso patients were identified by the National Patient Registry and verified by nationwide prescription and treatment code registers. Primary outcome in the cross-sectional study was a coronary artery calcium score (CACS) >0, with a secondary outcome defined as a CACS ≥400. In the follow-up study, the primary outcome was a combined outcome including myocardial infarction, revascularization, ischemic or unspecified stroke and all-cause mortality. Events within the first 90 days after CCTA were attributed to initial treatment and consequently excluded. All outcomes were adjusted for common cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. Results In the cross-sectional study 1,407 (3.5%) Pso patients were identified. OR was 1.31 (95% CI; 1.15–1.49) for CACS >0 and 1.33 (95% CI; 1.10–1.62) for CACS ≥400 in Pso patients compared to non-Pso patients. In the follow-up study 1,591 (3.7%) Pso patients were identified. The mean duration of follow-up after CCTA was 4.0 years (min/max 0.0/10.2). Crude HR for the combined outcome was 1.52 (95% CI; 1.24–1.87), while adjusted HR was 1.16 (95% CI; 0.95–1.43). Conclusion In this clinically relevant cohort of patients referred to CCTA for CAD rule out, coronary artery calcification was more frequent and more severe in Pso patients even compared to the control patients with several risk factors and angina symptoms, but without inflammatory diseases. An increased risk of the combined outcome of MACE including revascularization and all-cause mortality after initial treatment in Pso patients was found in the crude analysis. The increased risk seemed predominantly carried by an increase in traditional risk factors.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in Malawi: a cross-sectional analysis in a rural and urban population

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie A. Hamilton ◽  
Wisdom P. Nakanga ◽  
Josephine E. Prynn ◽  
Amelia C. Crampin ◽  
Daniela Fecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background An epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) is occurring in rural communities in tropical regions of low-and middle-income countries in South America and India. Little information is available from Southern African countries which have similar climatic and occupational characteristics to CKDu-endemic countries. We investigated whether CKDu is prevalent in Malawi and identified its potential risk factors in this setting. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study from January–August 2018 collecting bio samples and anthropometric data in two Malawian populations. The sample comprised adults > 18 years (n = 821) without diabetes, hypertension, and proteinuria. Estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated using the CKD-EPI equation. Linear and logistic regression models were applied with potential risk factors, to estimate risk of reduced eGFR. Results The mean eGFR was 117.1 ± 16.0 ml/min per 1.73m2 and the mean participant age was 33.5 ± 12.7 years. The prevalence of eGFR< 60 was 0.2% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.1, 0.9); the prevalence of eGFR< 90 was 5% (95% CI =3.2, 6.3). We observed a higher prevalence in the rural population (5% (3.6, 7.8)), versus urban (3% (1.4, 6.7)). Age and BMI were associated with reduced eGFR< 90 [Odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) =3.59 (2.58, 5.21) per ten-year increment]; [OR (95%CI) =2.01 (1.27, 3.43) per 5 kg/m2 increment] respectively. No increased risk of eGFR < 90 was observed for rural participants [OR (95%CI) =1.75 (0.50, 6.30)]. Conclusions Reduced kidney function consistent with the definition of CKDu is not common in the areas of Malawi sampled, compared to that observed in other tropical or sub-tropical countries in Central America and South Asia. Reduced eGFR< 90 was related to age, BMI, and was more common in rural areas. These findings are important as they contradict some current hypothesis that CKDu is endemic across tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study has enabled standardized comparisons of impaired kidney function between and within tropical/subtropical regions of the world and will help form the basis for further etiological research, surveillance strategies, and the implementation and evaluation of interventions.

scholarly journals Clinical profiles of neonates born to mothers with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 277-82
Author(s):  
Ambili Susan Jacob ◽  
Mohammed MTP ◽  
Reetha Gopinath ◽  
Binoo Divakaran ◽  
Tariq Harris
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Background The risk of congenital infections in neonates born to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected mothers and those breastfed by infected mothers remains largely unknown. Objective To describe the outcomes and clinical features of neonates born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, to follow up neonates who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 at the time of delivery for a period of 1 month, and to identify potential risk factors associated with disease transmission. Methods This prospective observational study on neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers between June 2020 and January 2021 was carried out after getting written informed consent in a tertiary care government hospital (Government Medical college Kannur, North Kerala, India). The clinical and demographic characteristics of infected mothers were reviewed. Neonates were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection within 24 hours of birth, with repeat testing on day 5 for those who were negative at birth.  The demographic and clinical characteristics as well as potential risk factors for disease transmission in these neonates were evaluated. Results A total of 342 neonates (95.3%) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection at birth. Rooming-in and breastfeeding was practiced in 75% of at-risk neonates. Fifty neonates tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection at birth (14.3%); 293 neonates who tested negative at birth remained so on day 5, except one baby isolated with a caretaker who also tested positive, indicating postnatal infection. There was no statistically significant increased risk of infection in neonates born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers compared to those born to mothers who had already become negative at delivery. Mild symptoms were present in 8% of positive neonates. On one-month follow up, all neonates were well and gaining weight. Conclusion Vertical transmission, in particular transplacental, may be possible in SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers. Maternal infection at the time of delivery is not a predictor for increased vertical transmission compared to mothers whose infections had resolved prior to delivery. Breastfeeding with appropriate hygiene measures is not a risk factor for horizontal transmission.

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