scholarly journals The protein modifier SUMO is critical for Arabidopsis shoot meristem maintenance at warmer ambient temperatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Hammoudi ◽  
Bas Beerens ◽  
Martijs J. Jonker ◽  
Tieme A. Helderman ◽  
Georgios Vlachakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Shoot Meristem ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Sumo Proteases ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Meristem Development ◽  
Meristem Maintenance

AbstractShort heat waves (>37°C) are extremely damaging to non-acclimated plants and their capacity to recover from heat stress is key for their survival. To acclimate, the HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A1 (HSFA1) subfamily activates a transcriptional response that resolves incurred damages. In contrast, little is known how plants acclimate to sustained non-detrimental warm periods at 27-28°C. Plants respond to this condition with a thermomorphogenesis response. In addition, HSFA1 is critical for plant survival during these warm periods. We find that SUMO, a protein modification whose conjugate levels rise sharply during acute heat stress in eukaryotes, is critical too for plant longevity during warm periods, in particular for normal shoot meristem development. The known SUMO ligases were not essential to endure these warm periods, alone or in combination. Thermo-lethality was also not seen when plants lacked certain SUMO proteases or when SUMO chain formation was blocked. The SUMO-dependent thermo-resilience was as well independent of the autoimmune phenotype of the SUMO mutants. As acquired thermotolerance was normal in the sumo1/2 knockdown mutant, our data thus reveal a role for SUMO in heat acclimation that differs from HSFA1 and SIZ1. We conclude that SUMO is critical for shoot meristem integrity during warm periods.HighlightThe protein modifier SUMO governs shoot meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis allowing sustained rosette development when plants endure a sustained warm non-detrimental period of 28 degrees Celsius.

scholarly journals Perspective Chapter: Using Feed Additives to Eliminate Harmful Effects of Heat Stress in Broiler Nutrition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Babinszky ◽  
Csaba Szabó ◽  
Márta Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters

Global warming is one of the major challenges for mankind, with animal breeding one of the most affected sectors in the agricultural industry. High ambient temperatures negatively affect all domestic animals. While it is true that pork and dairy production suffer the consequences of heat waves, it is actually the poultry industry which is hit the hardest by the heat stress poultry must endure due to hotter weather. Consequently, we have a fundamental interest in reducing and/or eliminating the negative effects of climate change, i.e. prolonged high ambient temperatures. The aim of this chapter is to present the adverse effects of heat stress on energy metabolism, anti- and pro-oxidant capacity and production in birds. A further goal is to show how various feed additives (e.g. vitamin A, C and E, selenium, zinc, betaine, plant extract, and probiotics) can reduce the negative effects of heat stress. Based on the large number of recent scientific findings, the following conclusions were drawn: Using fat in the diet (up to 5%) can reduce heat production in livestock. Vitamins (e.g. A, E and C) are capable of reacting with free radicals. Vitamin E and Vitamin C, Zn, and Se supplementation improved antioxidant parameters. Antioxidant potential of vitamins and micro minerals is more efficient in combination under heat stress in poultry nutrition. Plant extracts (e.g. oregano) could decrease the negative effects of heat stress on antioxidant enzyme activity due to its antioxidant constituents. Betaine reduces heat production in animals at high ambient temperatures. While acute heat stress induces a drop in feed intake, with the resulting increased nutrient demand leading to weight loss, if heat stress is prolonged, adaptation will occur. Probiotics and vitamins (C and E) seem to be the most effective means to reduce the negative effects of heat stress.

scholarly journals Environmental and evolutionary drivers of the modular gene regulatory network underlying phenotypic plasticity for stress resistance in the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin L. Sikkink ◽  
Rose M. Reynolds ◽  
Catherine M. Ituarte ◽  
William A. Cresko ◽  
Patrick C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Plastic Response ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Environmental Responses ◽  
Caenorhabditis Remanei

ABSTRACTIn response to changing environmental conditions, organisms can acclimate through phenotypic plasticity or adapt by evolving mechanisms to cope with novel stressors. Changes in gene expression, whether dynamic or evolved, are an important way in which environmental responses are mediated; however, much is still unknown about how the molecular networks underlying plastic phenotypes evolve. Here, we compare transcriptional responses to acute heat stress among four populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei—one selected to withstand heat stress, one selected under oxidative stress, an unselected control, and the ancestral population. We used a weighted gene coexpression network analysis within these lines to identify transcriptional modules, which are sets of genes that respond similarly to stress via plastic responses, evolutionary responses, or both. The transcriptional response to acute heat stress is dominated by a plastic response that is shared in the ancestor and all evolved populations. However, we also identified several modules that respond to artificial selection by (1) changing the baseline level of expression, (2) altering the magnitude of the plastic response, or (3) a combination of the two. Our findings reveal that while it is possible to perturb the nature of the transcriptional response network with short bouts of intense selection, the overall structure of transcriptional plasticity is dominated by inherent, ancestral regulatory systems.

The transcriptional response of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas against acute heat stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 132-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanyan Yang ◽  
Qiang Gao ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Lingling Wang ◽  
Zhi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
The Pacific

Repeated thermal conditioning during the neonatal period affects behavioral and physiological responses to acute heat stress in chicks

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 102759
Author(s):  
Yoshimitsu Ouchi ◽  
Hiroshi Tanizawa ◽  
Jun-ichi Shiraishi ◽  
John F. Cockrem ◽  
Vishwajit S. Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Acute Heat Stress

scholarly journals Review: Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily N Edwards-Callaway ◽  
M Caitlin Cramer ◽  
Caitlin N Cadaret ◽  
Elizabeth J Bigler ◽  
Terry E Engle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Shade is a mechanism to reduce heat load providing cattle with an environment supportive of their welfare needs. Although heat stress has been extensively reviewed, researched, and addressed in dairy production systems, it has not been investigated in the same manner in the beef cattle supply chain. Like all animals, beef cattle are susceptible to heat stress if they are unable to dissipate heat during times of elevated ambient temperatures. There are many factors that impact heat stress susceptibility in beef cattle throughout the different supply chain sectors, many of which relate to the production system, i.e. availability of shade, microclimate of environment, and nutrition management. The results from studies evaluating the effects of shade on production and welfare are difficult to compare due to variation in structural design, construction materials used, height, shape, and area of shade provided. Additionally, depending on operation location, shade may or may not be beneficial during all times of the year, which can influence the decision to make shade a permanent part of management systems. Shade has been shown to lessen the physiologic response of cattle to heat stress. Shaded cattle exhibit lower respiration rates, body temperatures, and panting scores compared to un-shaded cattle in weather that increases the risk of heat stress. Results from studies investigating the provision of shade indicate that cattle seek shade in hot weather. The impact of shade on behavioral patterns is inconsistent in the current body of research, some studies indicating shade provision impacts behavior and other studies reporting no difference between shaded and un-shaded groups. Analysis of performance and carcass characteristics across feedlot studies demonstrated that shaded cattle had increased ADG, improved feed efficiency, HCW, and dressing percentage when compared to cattle without shade. Despite the documented benefits of shade, current industry statistics, although severely limited in scope, indicate low shade implementation rates in feedlots and data in other supply chain sectors do not exist. Industry guidelines and third party on-farm certification programs articulate the critical need for protection from extreme weather but are not consistent in providing specific recommendations and requirements. Future efforts should include: updated economic analyses of cost versus benefit of shade implementation, exploration of producer perspectives and needs relative to shade, consideration of shade impacts in the cow-calf and slaughter plant segments of the supply chain, and integration of indicators of affective (mental) state and preference in research studies to enhance the holistic assessment of cattle welfare.

scholarly journals Evaluation of physiological and molecular responses to acute heat stress in two chicken breeds

animal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 100106
Author(s):  
P. Adu-Asiamah ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
K. Amoah ◽  
Q.Y. Leng ◽  
J.H. Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Chicken Breeds

scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis-Based Probiotic Improves Skeletal Health and Immunity in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Sha Jiang ◽  
Fei-Fei Yan ◽  
Jia-Ying Hu ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed ◽  
Heng-Wei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Skeletal Health ◽  
Welfare Issue ◽  
And Performance

The elevation of ambient temperature beyond the thermoneutral zone leads to heat stress, which is a growing health and welfare issue for homeothermic animals aiming to maintain relatively constant reproducibility and survivability. Particularly, global warming over the past decades has resulted in more hot days with more intense, frequent, and long-lasting heat waves, resulting in a global surge in animals suffering from heat stress. Heat stress causes pathophysiological changes in animals, increasing stress sensitivity and immunosuppression, consequently leading to increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut) and related neuroinflammation. Probiotics, as well as prebiotics and synbiotics, have been used to prevent or reduce stress-induced negative effects on physiological and behavioral homeostasis in humans and various animals. The current data indicate dietary supplementation with a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic has similar functions in poultry. This review highlights the recent findings on the effects of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on skeletal health of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. It provides insights to aid in the development of practical strategies for improving health and performance in poultry.

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