scholarly journals Isolated fetal neural tube defects associate with increased risk of placental pathology: evidence from the Collaborative Perinatal Project.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina White ◽  
David Grynspan ◽  
Tim Van Mieghem ◽  
Kristin L Connor
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Placental Pathology ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Terminal Villi ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hofbauer Cells ◽  
Infant Sex ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Infant Birth

Objective: To compare placental pathology and fetal growth in pregnancies with an isolated fetal neural tube defect (NTD; cases) to those without congenital anomalies (controls). We hypothesised that cases would be at an increased risk of placental pathology and poorer anthropometric outcomes at birth compared to controls Methods: We performed a matched case-cohort study using data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Cases (n=74) and controls (n=148) were matched (1:2 ratio) for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal race, infant sex, gestational age at birth and study site. Primary outcomes were placental characteristics (weight and size measurements, pathology). Secondary outcomes were infant birth outcomes. Subgroup analysis was done by type of NTD (spina bifida, anencephaly or encephalocele), infant sex, and preterm/term delivery. Data were analysed using adjusted generalized linear and nominal logistic regression models. Results are presented as adjusted β or adjusted odds ratio (aOR; 95% confidence interval). Results: Cases had lower placental weight (β=-22.2 g [-37.8 - -6.6]), surface area (β=-9.6 cm2 [-18.3 - -1.0]) and birth length z-scores (β=-0.4 [-0.7 - -0.001]) compared to controls. Cases were more likely to have a single umbilical artery (vs. two; 6 [8.1%] vs. 1 [0.7%]; aOR=301 [52.6 - 1726]), overall placental hypermaturity (9 [12.2%] vs. 5 [3.4%]; aOR=6.8 [3.1 - 14.7]), and many (vs. few) Hofbauer cells (9 [12.2%] vs. 7 [4.7%]; aOR=3.02 [1.2 - 7.3]), stromal fibrosis (9 [12.2%] vs. 10 [6.8%]; aOR=3.0 [1.4 - 6.3]) and pathological edema (11 [14.9%] vs. 12 [8.1%]; aOR=3.04 [1.4 - 6.7]) in placental terminal villi compared to controls. Placental pathology varied across NTD subtypes, infant sex, and preterms vs. term pregnancies. Conclusions: Fetuses with isolated NTDs may be at increased risk of placental pathology, which could be contributing to poor fetal growth in these pregnancies and subsequent postnatal morbidities.

scholarly journals Droughts, cyclones, and intimate partner violence: A disastrous mix for Indian women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayushi Rai ◽  
Anupam Joya Sharma ◽  
Malavika A. Subramanyam
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIndia has reported a high prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) against women over the years. Previous Western research have found an increased IPV risk among women in the aftermath of natural disasters, underscoring the need for such studies in India. We could not locate any study focusing on the impact of slow-onset versus rapid-onset disasters, which might have differing impacts on the vulnerable, especially on the incidence of IPV in India. Using data on ever-married women from the National Family Health Survey-4, we investigated the association of residing in districts exposed to a drought (N=31,045), and separately, to two cyclones (N=8469), with three forms of self-reported IPV against women (emotional, physical, and sexual). Survey-adjusted logistic regression models showed that exposure to cyclone was positively associated with emotional IPV (AOR: 1.59, CI: 1.20, 2.10) after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Although not statistically significant, exposure to cyclone was also positively associated with physical and sexual IPV, and drought with physical IPV. However, we did not find an association of drought with emotional and sexual violence. Notably, we corroborated previous findings that women from wealthier households, educated, and whose husbands had no history of alcohol consumption, were less likely to experience any form of IPV independent of the influence of other factors. These results highlight the potential increased risk of IPV following natural disasters. In a patriarchal society such as India vulnerable to climate-change, these sobering results highlight the need to prepare for the social disasters that might accompany natural disasters.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood characteristics at birth and positive and negative psychotic symptoms in adolescence: findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Solmi ◽  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
James Bowes Kirkbride
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Multivariable Adjustment

Objective: Urban birth is associated with risk of non-affective psychoses. While emerging evidence suggests that this association is also apparent for subclinical positive psychotic phenomena in the general population, few studies have considered which specific aspects of the urban environment predict risk, or whether these factors also increase the likelihood of negative symptoms. Method: Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, linked to census geographical indicators, we examined whether population density, deprivation, inequality, and social fragmentation at birth were associated with negative and positive psychotic symptoms at age 16 and 18 years, respectively. We used logistic regression models, controlling for child’s ethnicity, maternal age, education, marital status, social class, depressive symptoms, other neighbourhood exposures, and, in sensitivity analyses, polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia in a sub-sample of children of white ethnicity (N=10,283). Results: Amongst 11,879 adolescents, those born in the most densely populated tertile had greater odds of reporting positive psychotic experiences, after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio (OR): 1.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.14 – 2.17). Adolescents born in the most socially fragmented neighbourhoods had greater odds of negative symptoms, after multivariable adjustment (OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.06 – 1.85). These associations were not confounded by schizophrenia PRS. There was no evidence of any other associations. Discussion: Birth into more densely populated and socially fragmented environments increased risk of positive and negative psychotic phenomena in adolescence. Our findings suggest that different forms of neighbourhood social adversity impinge on different psychopathophysiologies associated with the clinical expression of psychosis.

scholarly journals Homelessness and incarceration among psychiatric patients in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 3719-3733
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Souto Melo ◽  
Eduardo de Paula Lima ◽  
Fabiana Cristina Ribeiro de Barros ◽  
Lidyane do Valle Camelo ◽  
Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Multiple Sex Partners ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitalizations ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Psychiatric patients are at increased risk of adverse life events, such as being incarcerated and homelessness in their life course. Using data from a cross-sectional multicenter study of 2,475 patients selected from 26 mental health services in Brazil, we examined the association of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, and adverse life characteristics with history of homelessness, incarceration or their co-occurrence during lifetime. Odds ratios were obtained by multinomial logistic regression models. The prevalence of homelessness, incarceration and co-occurrence of these two conditions were 8.6%, 16.4%, and 9.4%, respectively. Lower income, living in unstable condition, intellectual disability, and cigarette smoking were associated with homelessness. Being male, lower schooling, sex under effect of alcohol or drugs, and multiple sex partners were associated with incarceration. Psychiatric hospitalizations, substance use, and history of sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual, physical, or verbal violence were associated with co-occurrence of both conditions. Our findings suggest that incarceration and homelessness are very prevalent and correlated in psychiatric patients in Brazil. Many of the associated factors are potentially modifiable, and may act synergistically requiring integrated care.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Characteristics at Birth and Positive and Negative Psychotic Symptoms in Adolescence: Findings From the ALSPAC Birth Cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Solmi ◽  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Stanley Zammit ◽  
James B Kirkbride
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Multivariable Adjustment

Abstract Background Urban birth is associated with risk of non-affective psychoses, but the association with subclinical positive and negative symptoms is less clear, despite emerging evidence. Further the extent to which these findings are confounded by polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia is also unknown. Methods Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, linked to census geographical indicators, we examined whether various indices of urbanicity at birth were associated with negative and positive psychotic symptoms at age 16 and 18 years, respectively. We used logistic regression models, controlling for child’s ethnicity, maternal age, education, marital status, social class, depressive symptoms, other neighborhood exposures, and, in a subsample of children of white ethnicity (N = 10 283), PRS for schizophrenia. Results Amongst 11 879 adolescents, those born in the most densely populated tertile had greater odds of reporting positive psychotic experiences, after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio [OR]: 1.57, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.14–2.17). Adolescents born in the most socially fragmented neighborhoods had greater odds of negative symptoms, after multivariable adjustment (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06–1.85). Although we found that greater schizophrenia PRS were associated with an increased risk of being born in more deprived and fragmented (bot not more densely populated areas), these associations were not confounded by PRS. Interpretation Birth into more densely populated and socially fragmented environments increased risk of positive and negative psychotic phenomena in adolescence, respectively, suggesting that different forms of neighborhood social adversity may impinge on different psychopathophysiologies associated with the clinical expression of psychosis.

Investigation of risk factors for Salmonella on fattening-turkey farms

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (10) ◽  
pp. 1427-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. FEATHERSTONE ◽  
R. REICHEL ◽  
L. C. SNOW ◽  
R. H. DAVIES ◽  
K. H. CHRISTIANSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYA cross-sectional study into risk factors for Salmonella was undertaken using data gathered from 252 fattening turkey flocks in the UK. The data was derived from the EU baseline survey conducted during 2006 and 2007, in addition to a voluntary questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression models identified significant risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Salmonella Typhimurium. A decreased risk of Salmonella spp. infection was associated with a history of intestinal illness in the sampled flock (OR 0·17), the use of wood shavings as litter (OR 0·21), use of disinfectant in the cleaning process (OR 0·25), incineration of dead birds on farm (OR 0·29), seasonal production (OR 0·31), farm staff also working with cattle (OR 0·31), and the presence of pigs on neighbouring farms (OR 0·38). The risk of isolating Salmonella spp. varied according to the company from which the poults were sourced. A reduced risk of S. Typhimurium infection was associated with the use of wax blocks to control rodents (OR 0·09), using mains water (OR 0·19) and having a Salmonella test programme (OR 0·23). An increased risk of S. Typhimurium infection was associated with storage of items around the turkey house (OR 5·20), evidence of mice (OR 4·71) and a soil surface surrounding the turkey house (OR 2·70). This study therefore identifies a number of important practical measures which can be implemented by farmers and veterinarians within the turkey industry to assist in the control of salmonellosis at the farm level.

Impact of Diabetes and Disease Duration on Work Status Among U.S. Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 432-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Mutambudzi ◽  
Cesar Gonzalez Gonzalez ◽  
Rebecca Wong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Workplace Interventions ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Retirement Study

Objectives: To examine the effects of diabetes and disease duration on work status over a 9-year period. Method: Multinomial logistic regression models examined the probability of retirement and disability impeding work, using data from the Health and Retirement Study ( n = 5,576). Results: Among participants who had retired in 2012, almost 14% had incident diabetes (4.91 mean years with diabetes, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [4.67, 5.15]). Approximately 22% of participants who reported a disability impeded labor force participation had prevalent diabetes (17.1 mean years with diabetes, 95%CI = [16.41, 17.71]). Only prevalent diabetes that indicated longer disease duration was associated with disability (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.83, 95% CI = [1.30, 2.57]). There was evidence of effect modification among Hispanics only ( p = .02). Discussion: Diabetes increased risk of exiting the workforce due to disability, and mean disease duration was associated with changes. Disease management and workplace interventions may enable older adults to continue being productive should they choose to remain in the workforce.

scholarly journals Increased Risk of Hypertension Associated with Spondyloarthritis Disease Duration: Results from the ASAS-COMOSPA Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Derakhshan ◽  
Nicola J. Goodson ◽  
Jonathan C. Packham ◽  
Raj Sengupta ◽  
Anna Molto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Duration ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Axial Disease ◽  
Using Data

Objective.Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is associated with a number of cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities. We examined the association of SpA disease duration and delay in diagnosis with CV-related conditions.Methods.Using data from the COMOSPA study, the associations between SpA disease duration and CV-related conditions were evaluated in univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Each model examined 1 CV-related factor as dependent and “SpA disease duration” as a predictor, adjusted for relevant confounders.Results.Data from 3923 subjects (median SpA disease duration 5.1 yrs, interquartile range 1.3–11.8 yrs) were available for analysis. The main CV-related conditions were hypertension (HTN; 22.4%), ischemic heart disease (2.6%), stroke (1.3%), and diabetes mellitus (5.5%). HTN was associated with SpA disease duration in both univariable and multivariable analysis, with an OR of 1.129 (95% CI 1.072–1.189; p < 0.001) for each 5-year increase in SpA disease duration. Other factors associated with HTN were age, male sex, current body mass index, ever steroid therapy, and ever synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy, but not nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID). In subgroup analysis, the strongest association of HTN and disease duration was seen in subjects with the axial-only SpA phenotype (OR 1.202, 95% CI 1.053–1.372) but not in those with peripheral-only SpA (OR 0.902, 95% CI 0.760–1.070). The other CV conditions were not associated with SpA disease duration.Conclusion.Duration of SpA disease in the ASAS-COMOSPA cohort is associated with higher odds of HTN, particularly in those with axial disease, but not with other CV-related conditions. The association with HTN does not appear to be related to NSAID exposure.

Sibling Alcohol Use Disorder Is Associated With Increased Risk for Suicide Attempt

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262110250
Author(s):  
Mallory E. Stephenson ◽  
Sara Larsson Lönn ◽  
Jessica E. Salvatore ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Shared Genetic

The association between having a sibling diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and risk for suicide attempt may be attributable to shared genetic liability between AUD and suicidal behavior, effects of environmental exposure to a sibling’s AUD, or both. To distinguish between these alternatives, we conducted a series of Cox regression models using data derived from Swedish population-based registers with national coverage. Among full sibling pairs (656,807 males and 607,096 females), we found that, even after we accounted for the proband’s AUD status, the proband’s risk for suicide attempt was significantly elevated when the proband’s sibling was affected by AUD. Furthermore, the proband’s risk for suicide attempt was consistently higher when the sibling’s AUD registration had occurred more recently. Our findings provide evidence for exposure to sibling AUD as an environmental risk factor for suicide attempt and suggest that clinical outreach may be warranted following a sibling’s diagnosis with AUD.

Prognostic role of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) measurement in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Aloisio ◽  
Federica Braga ◽  
Chiara Puricelli ◽  
Mauro Panteghini
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mortality Prediction ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Patient Prognosis

Abstract Objectives Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial disease with limited therapeutic options. The measurement of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) glycoprotein has been proposed for evaluating the risk of IPF progression and predicting patient prognosis, but the robustness of available evidence is unclear. Methods We searched Medline and Embase databases for peer-reviewed literature from inception to April 2020. Original articles investigating KL-6 as prognostic marker for IPF were retrieved. Considered outcomes were the risk of developing acute exacerbation (AE) and patient survival. Meta-analysis of selected studies was conducted, and quantitative data were uniformed as odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) estimates, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Twenty-six studies were included in the systematic review and 14 were finally meta-analysed. For AE development, the pooled OR (seven studies) for KL-6 was 2.72 (CI 1.22–6.06; p=0.015). However, a high degree of heterogeneity (I2=85.6%) was found among selected studies. Using data from three studies reporting binary data, a pooled sensitivity of 72% (CI 60–82%) and a specificity of 60% (CI 52–68%) were found for KL-6 measurement in detecting insurgence of AE in IPF patients. Pooled HR (seven studies) for mortality prediction was 1.009 (CI 0.983–1.036; p=0.505). Conclusions Although our meta-analysis suggested that IPF patients with increased KL-6 concentrations had a significant increased risk of developing AE, the detection power of the evaluated biomarker is limited. Furthermore, no relationship between biomarker concentrations and mortality was found. Caution is also needed when extending obtained results to non-Asian populations.

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