scholarly journals Executive functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Long Chen ◽  
Oskar Flygare ◽  
John Wallert ◽  
Jesper Enander ◽  
Volen Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Objective: To assess executive functions in patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) compared with healthy controls. Methods: Adults diagnosed with BDD (n=26) or OCD (n=29) according to DSM-5, and healthy controls (n=28) underwent validated and computerized neuropsychological tests; spatial working memory (SWM), Intra- extra dimensional set shifting (IED) and Stop signal task (SST), from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Test performance was compared between groups, and correlated to standardized symptom severity of BDD and OCD. Significance level was set to p<0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant between-group differences on key outcome measures in SWM, IED, or SST. There was a weak positive correlation between symptom severity and test errors on SWM and IED in both OCD and BDD groups; increased clinical severity were associated with more errors in these tests. Further, there was a negative correlation between symptom severity and SST in the BDD group. Conclusions: Patients with BDD or OCD did not differ from healthy control subjects in terms of test performance, however there were several statistically significant correlations between symptom severity and performance in those with BDD or OCD. More studies on EF in BDD and OCD are required to elucidate if there are differences in EF between these two disorders.

T102C and –1438 G/A polymorphisms of the 5-HT2A receptor gene in Turkish patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şenel Tot ◽  
M. Emin Erdal ◽  
Kemal Yazıcı ◽  
Aylin Ertekin Yazıcı ◽  
Özmen Metin
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
T102c Polymorphism ◽  
Turkish Patients

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the possible association between T102C and –1438 G/A polymorphism in the 5-HT2A receptor gene and susceptibility to and clinical features of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).MethodFifty-eight patients with OCD and 83 healthy controls were included in the study. All patients were interviewed and rated by Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale. T102C and –1438 G/A polymorphisms of 5-HT2A receptor gene were determined by PCR technique in DNAs of peripheral leucocytes.ResultsOCD patients and healthy controls did not show significant differences in genotype distribution for both polymorphisms investigated. We found that frequencies of the TT genotype for T102C polymorphism and the AA genotype for –1438 G/A polymorphism were significantly higher in patients with severe OCD compared to those with moderate or moderate–severe OCD.ConclusionThe –1438 G/A and T102C polymorphisms of the 5-HT2A receptor gene are not associated with an increased risk of OCD. Our data suggest that the TT genotype of T102C and the AA genotype of –1438 G/A polymorphism might be a factor in clinical severity of OCD.

Object alternation test—is it sensitive enough to detect cognitive dysfunction in obsessive–compulsive disorder?

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 441-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Katrin Kuelz ◽  
Dieter Riemann ◽  
Roland Zahn ◽  
Ulrich Voderholzer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

AbstractA computerized version of the object alternation test (OAT) was employed in unmedicated obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and matched healthy controls. OCD patients performed normally on the OAT but scored below controls on a task assessing visuo-spatial working memory. The results challenge the concept of the OAT as a sensitive instrument for orbitofrontal dysfunction in OCD.

scholarly journals Neuropsychological Research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current Status and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himani Kashyap ◽  
Amitai Abramovitch
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Neuropsychological functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been extensively investigated. Despite some common findings across studies indicating deficient test performance across cognitive domains with small to medium effect sizes, results remain inconsistent and heterogeneous. However, multiple past attempts to identify moderators that may account for such variability have been unrewarding. Typical moderators including symptom severity, age at onset, medication status, and comorbid conditions failed to provide sufficient explanatory power. It has then been posited that these inconsistencies may be attributed to the inherent heterogeneous nature of the disorder (i.e., symptom dimensions), or to the natural fluctuation in symptom severity. However, recent meta-analyses suggest that these factors may not account for the persistent unexplained variability. Other potential factors—some of which are unique to neuropsychological testing—received scarce research attention, including definition of cognitive impairments, specificity and selection of test and outcome measures, and their limited ecological validity. Other moderators, particularly motivational aspects, and metacognitive factors (e.g., self-efficacy) were not previously addressed despite their potential association to OCD, and their documented impact on cognitive function. The aim of the present mini-review is to provide an updated succinct overview of the current status of the neuropsychological literature in OCD and expanding upon oft-neglected potential moderators and their putative impact on neuropsychological findings in OCD. Our goal is to highlight important avenues for further research and provide a road map for investigators in order to advance our understanding of cognitive functions in OCD that has been stagnant in the past decade.

scholarly journals Stop Signal Reaction Time Deficits in a Lifetime Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 785-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C.R. McLaughlin ◽  
Jason Kirschner ◽  
Hallee Foster ◽  
Chloe O’Connell ◽  
Steven A. Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

AbstractObjectives: Several studies have found impaired response inhibition, measured by a stop-signal task (SST), in individuals who are currently symptomatic for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to assess stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance in individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD, in comparison to a healthy control group. This is the first study that has examined OCD in participants along a continuum of OCD severity, including approximately half of whom had sub-syndromal symptoms at the time of assessment. Methods: OCD participants were recruited primarily from within the OCD clinic at a psychiatric hospital, as well as from the community. Healthy controls were recruited from the community. We used the stop signal task to examine the difference between 21 OCD participants (mean age, 42.95 years) and 40 healthy controls (mean age, 35.13 years). We also investigated the relationship between SST and measures of OCD, depression, and anxiety severity. Results: OCD participants were significantly slower than healthy controls with regard to mean SSRT. Contrary to our prediction, there was no correlation between SSRT and current levels of OCD, anxiety, and depression severity. Conclusions: Results support prior studies showing impaired response inhibition in OCD, and extend the findings to a sample of patients with lifetime OCD who were not all currently above threshold for diagnosis. These findings indicate that response inhibition deficits may be a biomarker of OCD, regardless of current severity levels. (JINS, 2016, 22, 785–789)

Unpacking the role of self-reported compulsivity and impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Prochazkova ◽  
Linden Parkes ◽  
Andrew Dawson ◽  
George Youssef ◽  
Gabriela M. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Final Group

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and demographically matched healthy individuals can be clustered into distinct clinical subtypes based on dimensional measures of their self-reported compulsivity (OBQ–44 and IUS–12) and impulsivity (UPPS–P).MethodsParticipants (n=217) were 103 patients with a clinical diagnosis of OCD; 79 individuals from the community who were “OCD-likely” according to self-report (Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised scores equal or greater than 21); and 35 healthy controls. All data were collected between 2013 and 2015 using self-report measures that assessed different aspects of compulsivity and impulsivity. Principal component analysis revealed two components broadly representing an individual's level of compulsivity and impulsivity. Unsupervised clustering grouped participants into four subgroups, each representing one part of an orthogonal compulsive-impulsive phenotype.ResultsClustering converged to yield four subgroups: one group low on both compulsivity and impulsivity, comprised mostly of healthy controls and demonstrating the lowest OCD symptom severity; two groups showing roughly equal clinical severity, but with opposing drivers (i.e., high compulsivity and low impulsivity, and vice versa); and a final group high on both compulsivity and impulsivity and recording the highest clinical severity. Notably, the largest cluster of individuals with OCD was characterized by high impulsivity and low compulsivity. Our results suggest thatbothimpulsivity and compulsivity mediate obsessive-compulsive symptomatology.ConclusionsIndividuals with OCD can be clustered into distinct subtypes based on measures of compulsivity and impulsivity, with the latter being found to be one of the more defining characteristics of the disorder. These dimensions may serve as viable and novel treatment targets.

scholarly journals Spatial working memory performance in people with obsessive–compulsive disorder, their unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy controls

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Heinzel ◽  
Katharina Bey ◽  
Rosa Grützmann ◽  
Julia Klawohn ◽  
Christian Kaufmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Healthy Control

Summary Studies have shown that people with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) have impairments in spatial working memory (SWM) performance. However, it remains unclear whether this deficit represents a cognitive endophenotype preceding symptoms or a correlate of OCD. We investigated SWM in 69 people with OCD, 77 unaffected first-degree relatives of people with OCD and 106 healthy control participants. Taking age effects into account, SWM performance was best in healthy controls, intermediate in relatives and worst in OCD participants. However, since performance did not differ significantly between healthy controls and relatives, our study does not fully support SWM performance as a core cognitive endophenotype of OCD.

scholarly journals Executive functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Long Long Chen ◽  
Oskar Flygare ◽  
John Wallert ◽  
Jesper Enander ◽  
Volen Z. Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

The inner world of overactive monitoring: neural markers of interoception in obsessive–compulsive disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1957-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yoris ◽  
A. M. García ◽  
L. Traiber ◽  
H. Santamaría-García ◽  
M. Martorell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Cognitive Profile ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Inner World ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Internal Body

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients typically overmonitor their own behavior, as shown by symptoms of excessive doubt and checking. Although this is well established for the patients’ relationship with external stimuli in the environment, no study has explored their monitoring of internal body signals, a process known to be affected in anxiety-related syndromes. Here, we explored this issue through a cardiac interoception task that measures sensing of heartbeats. Our aim was to explore key behavioral and electrophysiological aspects of internal-cue monitoring in OCD, while examining their potential distinctiveness in this condition.MethodWe administered a heartbeat detection (HBD) task (with related interoceptive confidence and awareness measures) to three matched groups (OCD patients, panic disorder patients, healthy controls) and recorded ongoing modulations of two task-relevant electrophysiological markers: the heart evoked potential (HEP) and the motor potential (MP).ResultsBehaviorally, OCD patients outperformed controls and panic patients in the HBD task. Moreover, they exhibited greater amplitude modulation of both the HEP and the MP during cardiac interoception. However, they evinced poorer confidence and awareness of their interoceptive skills.ConclusionsConvergent behavioral and electrophysiological data showed that overactive monitoring in OCD extends to the sensing of internal bodily signals. Moreover, this pattern discriminated OCD from panic patients, suggesting a condition-distinctive alteration. Our results highlight the potential of exploring interoceptive processes in the OCD spectrum to better characterize the population's cognitive profile. Finally, these findings may lay new bridges between somatic theories of emotion and cognitive models of OCD.

EEG-source estimates and vigilance regulation in obsessive compulsive disorder in comparison to healthy controls

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 977-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Olbrich ◽  
S. Olbrich ◽  
I. Jahn ◽  
U. Hegerl ◽  
K. Stengler
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Multiple Comparison ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Eeg Power

Neurophysiological hyperactivation of cortical and subcortical brain areas has been reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using functional imaging techniques and electroencephalography (EEG). Also sleep disturbances and delayed sleep phases have been associated with OCD symptomatology. However, vigilance regulation in OCD during the transition phase from wakefulness to sleep onset remains unclear. Therefore the aim of this study was to analyze EEG-source estimates and EEG vigilance regulation in OCD patients in comparison to healthy controls.A 15 minute resting EEG was recorded in 30 unmedicated OCD patients and 30 healthy, age and gender matched controls. EEG power source estimates of the whole time series were computed by exact Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA). Each consecutive one second EEG-segment was classified into one out of seven EEG-vigilance stages (0, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2/3, C) using Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL). The eLORETA analysis (log of F-ratios, p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparison) revealed significantly increased delta power in the right superior frontal gyrus for OCD patients in comparison to healthy controls. Vigilance analysis yielded significantly increased amounts of high vigilance stage A2 (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.001, corrected for multiple comparison) for OCD patients.This study repeated findings of altered EEG-power in frontal areas in OCD patients. Alterations of EEG-vigilance regulation were found with increased amounts of high vigilance stage A2. This is in line with a hypothesis of cortical hyperactivation in OCD. The value of EEG-vigilance as a possible biological marker for e.g. treatment response should be focus of further studies.

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