scholarly journals COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized puerperal, pregnant, and neither pregnant nor puerperal women: a population study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiano Elisei Serra ◽  
Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco ◽  
Patricia de Rossi ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Brizot ◽  
Agatha Sacramento Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Reproductive Age Women

Objective To compare hospitalized reproductive age women with COVID-19 who were pregnant, puerperal, or neither one nor the other in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics and disease progression using Brazilian epidemiological data. Methods A retrospective analysis of the records of the Information System of the Epidemiological Surveillance of Influenza of the Health Ministry of Brazil was performed. It included the data of female patients aged 10 to 49 years hospitalized because of severe COVID-19 disease (RT-PCR+ for SARS-CoV-2), from February 17, 2020, to January 02, 2021. They were separated into 3 groups: pregnant, puerperal, and neither pregnant nor puerperal. General comparisons and then adjustments for confounding variables (propensity score matching [PSM]) were made, using demographic and clinical characteristics, disease progression (admission to the intensive care unit [ICU] and invasive or noninvasive ventilatory support), and outcome (cure or death). Deaths were analyzed in each group according to comorbidities, invasive or noninvasive ventilatory support, and admission to the ICU. Results As many as 40,640 reproductive age women hospitalized for COVID-19 were identified: 3,372 were pregnant, 794 were puerperal, and 36,474 were neither pregnant nor puerperal. Groups were significantly different in terms of demographic data and comorbidities. Pregnant and puerperal women were less likely to be symptomatic than the women who were neither one nor the other. Pregnant women, however, had a higher frequency of cough, anosmia, and ageusia. Puerperal women had a worse prognosis than pregnant women with respect to admission to the ICU, invasive ventilatory support, and death. Conclusion Puerperal women were at a higher risk for serious outcomes (need for the ICU, need for invasive and noninvasive ventilatory support, and death) than pregnant women.

scholarly journals COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized puerperal, pregnant, and neither pregnant nor puerperal women

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259911
Author(s):  
Fabiano Elisei Serra ◽  
Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco ◽  
Patricia de Rossi ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Brizot ◽  
Agatha Sacramento Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Reproductive Age Women

Objective To compare hospitalized reproductive age women with COVID-19 who were pregnant, puerperal, or neither one nor the other in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics and disease progression using Brazilian epidemiological data. Methods A retrospective analysis of the records of the Information System of the Epidemiological Surveillance of Influenza of the Health Ministry of Brazil was performed. It included the data of female patients aged 10 to 49 years hospitalized because of severe COVID-19 disease (RT-PCR+ for SARS-CoV-2), from February 17, 2020 to January 02, 2021. They were separated into 3 groups: pregnant, puerperal, and neither pregnant nor puerperal. General comparisons and then adjustments for confounding variables (propensity score matching [PSM]) were made, using demographic and clinical characteristics, disease progression (admission to the intensive care unit [ICU] and invasive or noninvasive ventilatory support), and outcome (cure or death). Deaths were analyzed in each group according to comorbidities, invasive or noninvasive ventilatory support, and admission to the ICU. Results As many as 40,640 reproductive age women hospitalized for COVID-19 were identified: 3,372 were pregnant, 794 were puerperal, and 36,474 were neither pregnant nor puerperal. Groups were significantly different in terms of demographic data and comorbidities (p<0.0001). Pregnant and puerperal women were less likely to be symptomatic than the women who were neither one nor the other (72.1%, 69.7% and 88.8%, respectively). Pregnant women, however, had a higher frequency of anosmia, and ageusia than the others. After PSM, puerperal women had a worse prognosis than pregnant women with respect to admission to the ICU, invasive ventilatory support, and death, with OR (95% CI) 1.97 (1.55 – 2.50), 2.71 (1.78 – 4.13), and 2.51 (1.79 – 3.52), respectively. Conclusion Puerperal women were at a higher risk for serious outcomes (need for the ICU, need for invasive and noninvasive ventilatory support, and death) than pregnant women.

scholarly journals Iodine adequacy in reproductive age women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firas Azzeh ◽  
Bassem Amr Refaat
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract Background Despite the significance of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age due its associated serious maternal and foetal complications, surveys related to this vulnerable population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to measure the frequency alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in Saudi women of childbearing age from the Western province of KSA.Methods Urinary iodine concentrations IUIC) were measured in random spot samples collected from 1222 pregnant women and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/non-lactating women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The classification of iodine sufficiency was based on the WHO criteria for UIC in pregnant (150–249 μg/L) and non-pregnant women (100–199 μg/L).Results The UIC median in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 73.72) was at the lowest WHO recommended cut-off. The pregnant women, on the other hand, had a median UIC (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 104.56) markedly below the minimal WHO limit for pregnancy. Coherently, the median IUC was below adequacy across the trimesters and was lowest during the first trimester. Additionally, 49.7% (n = 199) of the non-pregnant and 62.5% (n = 764) of pregnant women were iodine deficient as per the WHO criteria. While pregnancy (OR = 4.3; 95%CI: 3.08–5.96) and using non-iodised salt (OR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.35–2.83) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency, the intake of iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk (OR = 0.010; 95%CI: 0.006–0.017). On the other hand, the intake of iodine above requirement was observed in 8.5% and 4.2% of the non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Moreover, BMI was the sole independent factor increasing the odds (OR = 1.061; 95%CI: 1.010–1.114) of taking iodine above requirements.Conclusions This study is the first to show high prevalence of mild iodine deficiency among reproductive age Saudi women, which could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous maternal-foetal health consequences of iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Iron Deficiency, a Risk Factor of Thyroid Disorders in Reproductive-Age and Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Luo ◽  
Xiaoxia Wang ◽  
Li Yuan ◽  
Lixin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Mean Differences

BackgroundIron deficiency (ID) is concerned as the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. The effects of ID on thyroid function and autoimmunity in pregnant women and reproductive-age women are controversial. The aim of the current study was to summarize the evidences and evaluate the relationship between ID and thyroid disorders.MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, studies published on the Cochrane, Embase, Medline, and PubMed databases by October 2020 were searched. A total of 636 studies which discussed the correlation between ID and thyroid disorders were eligible in the initial search. Pooled mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the assessment of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Combined odd ratios (OR) and 95% CI were calculated for the assessment of the prevalence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, positive thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb).ResultsFor women of reproductive age, ID could significantly increase the risk of positive TPOAb (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.06: P = 0.01) and both positive TPOAb and TgAb (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.11: P = 0.03). The meta-analysis of pregnant women showed that pregnant women with ID had increased serum TSH levels (MD: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.17; P &lt; 0.00001) and decreased FT4 levels (MD: −0.73; 95% CI: −1.04, −0.41; P &lt; 0.00001). Meanwhile, the prevalence of overt (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.19; P = 0.004) and subclinical (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.66; P = 0.001) hypothyroidism in pregnant women with ID was significantly increased.ConclusionsID may adversely affect thyroid function and autoimmunity of pregnant and reproductive-age women and it is very necessary for monitoring iron nutritional status and early treatment of ID for them.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated characteristics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Mexico 5 months after pandemic arrival

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Díaz-Salazar ◽  
Adriana Sánchez-García ◽  
René Rodríguez-Gutiérrez ◽  
Adrián Camacho-Ortiz ◽  
Donato Saldívar-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Student’S T

Abstract Background: Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is now available in several world regions to better estimate transmission dynamics. However, to date, there is no epidemiological data regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in Mexico. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and define the clinical and demographic characteristics associated with seroprevalence in a institutionalized population.Methods: We conducted a serological survey in Ciudad Guadalupe, NL, Mexico. Institutionalized employees voluntarily participated during July 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected at the time of blood sampling to analyze the associated characteristics. IgM/IgG antibodies were determined using a qualitative chemiluminescent immunoassay. We reported the raw and the adjusted seroprevalence for test performance characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used for categorical and continuous variables. Statistical significance was tested using the Chi-squared test, Student’s t-test and the Mann-Whitney. Logistic regression models and the odds ratios (adjusted and unadjusted) were used to estimate the association of demographic and clinical characteristics.Results: Of the 3,268 participants included, 193 (5.9%, 95% CI 5.1-6.8) tested positive for IgM/IgG against SARS-CoV-2. Adjusted prevalence by the immunoassay diagnostic performance resulted in a prevalence of 5.7 (95% CI 4.9-6.6). Gender, city of residence, and comorbidities did not show any association with having IgM/IgG antibodies. A total of 114 out of 193 (59.1%) subjects with a positive test were asymptomatic, and the odds of being positive were higher in those who reported symptoms of COVID-19 in the previous four weeks to the survey (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.9-5.5).Conclusions: There is a low rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among institutionalized employees that have continuously been working during the pandemic. Six in ten infections were asymptomatic, and seroprevalence is low and still far from herd immunity. Epidemiological surveillance and preventive measures should be mandatory.

The Effect of Sex Education and Counseling on the Sexual Function of Iranian Reproductive Age Women: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Ranjbaran ◽  
Reza Omani-Samani ◽  
Zainab Alimoradi ◽  
Kamyar Mansori ◽  
Mina Chizari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Counseling Interventions ◽  
Meta Regression Analysis

Background: The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction is high and various interventions are used for the treatment of this disorder. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to determine the effect of sex education and counseling on the sexual function of Iranian married reproductive age women. Methods: We searched the international databases including ISI Web of Sciences, PubMed/Medline, Scopus and local databases for published randomized clinical trials without time limitation until March 2020. Mean Difference (MD) with 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) was considered as summary effect. In order to identify factors related to heterogeneity between studies, we conducted subgroups and Meta-regression analysis. Results: The results showed significant differences in the pooled mean score of female sexual function between intervention and control groups (MD=5.03, CI 95 %; 3.42 to 6.65). The education and counseling was more effective in pregnant women (MD= 6.34, CI 95 %; 4.31 to 8.38), than other married women (MD= 3.87, CI 95 %; 1.25 to 6.49). Counseling interventions (MD= 5.58, CI 95 %; 3.22 to 7.93) was more effective than other sexual education methods (MD= 4.31, CI 95 %; 2.06 to 6.67). Conclusion: Educational and counseling interventions could improve the sexual performance of women, and interventions was more effective in pregnant women. The effectiveness of counseling interventions was better than education.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated characteristics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Mexico 5 months after pandemic arrival

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Díaz-Salazar ◽  
Adriana Sánchez-García ◽  
René Rodríguez-Gutiérrez ◽  
Adrián Camacho-Ortiz ◽  
Donato Saldívar-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
City Government ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is now available in several world regions to better estimate transmission dynamics. However, to date, there is no epidemiological data regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in Mexico. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and define the clinical and demographic characteristics associated with seroprevalence. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional serological survey in Ciudad Guadalupe, NL, Mexico. City government employees voluntarily participated during July 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected at the time of blood sampling to analyze the associated characteristics. IgM/IgG antibodies were determined using a qualitative chemiluminescent immunoassay. Descriptive statistics were used for categorical and continuous variables. Statistical significance was tested using the Chi-squared test, Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney. Logistic regression models and the odds ratios (adjusted and unadjusted) were used to estimate the association of demographic and clinical characteristics. Results Of the 3,268 participants included, 193 (5.9%, 95% CI 5.1–6.8) tested positive for IgM/IgG against SARS-CoV-2. Sex, city of residence, and comorbidities did not show any association with having IgM/IgG antibodies. A total of 114 out of 193 (59.1%) subjects with a positive test were asymptomatic, and the odds of being positive were higher in those who reported symptoms of COVID-19 in the previous four weeks to the survey (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.9–5.5). Conclusions There is a low rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among government employees that have continuously been working during the pandemic. Six in ten infections were asymptomatic, and seroprevalence is low and still far from herd immunity. Epidemiological surveillance and preventive measures should be mandatory.

scholarly journals Assessment of Micronutrient Situation among Reproductive-Age Women (15–49) and Under-Five Children in Sudan

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2784
Author(s):  
Eiman S. elkhalifahassan Swareldhab ◽  
Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh ◽  
Abdul Baseer Qureshi ◽  
Amira M. Elmunier Ali ◽  
Mohamed Abu-Manga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
The Status

Background: Micronutrient malnutrition is a form of undernutrition that causes diseases, and this is mainly due to insufficient intake of nutrients in daily foods. The status of micronutrients for people in Sudan remains scarce, and information is limited. The aim of this study is to highlight the status of micronutrients among women of reproductive age (15–49 years of age) and their children in Sudan. Methods: This manuscript is a quantitative descriptive study, based on the data from Sudan Micronutrient Survey (SMS); it is part of the second round of the Simple Spatial Survey Method (S3M II) in Sudan (a total of 93,882 households). Results: The level of consumption of vitamin A-rich foods was found to be moderate at 67.36% for reproductive-age women and low at 23.44% for under-five children. Similarly, consumption rate of vitamin B-rich foods among reproductive-age women was 62.13%, and low for children at 11.02%. The consumption of iron-, calcium-, and zinc-rich foods was moderate among women (66.75%, 47.69%, 69.72%, respectively) and very low in children (12.28%, 17.62%, 14.99%, respectively). The iron deficiency prevalence was 47% in non-pregnant women, 58% in pregnant women, and 54% in children. The prevalence of anemia was 30% in non-pregnant women, 37% in pregnant women, and 48% in children. Generally, urinary iodine concentration was inadequate in lactating and non-pregnant women as well as in pregnant women. Most indicators of micronutrients in Sudan for children and women of reproductive age were highly significant. Sudan needs more efforts to create an enabling environment through legislation, policies, and strategies to strengthen the nutrition-sensitive and specific interventions and improving status of micronutrients among women and children, focusing on food fortification, food supplements, and counseling on micronutrients intake for mothers during antenatal and postnatal services as well as raising community awareness.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome by COVID-19 in pregnant and postpartum women

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 461-469
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Nogueira Godoi ◽  
Gilcelia Correia Santos Bernardes ◽  
Nivea Aparecida de Almeida ◽  
Saulo Nascimento de Melo ◽  
Vinícius Silva Belo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Risk Of Death

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the morbidity and mortality profile and factors associated with death due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by COVID-19 in pregnant and postpartum women. Methods: this is a quantitative and retrospective research that analyzed the SIVEP-gripe Database (Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System), from 01/01/2020 to 04/01/2021. All pregnant women and postpartum women diagnosed with SARS caused by COVID-19 in the State of Minas Gerais were included. After the descriptive analysis of the hospitalizations profile, the association between different exposure variables and the occurrence of death was evaluated. Results: of the 227 records obtained, 94.3% required hospitalization. Among hospitalizations in the Intensive Care Unit, 29.8% used invasive ventilatory support. Fifteen deaths were recorded. The most frequent clinical manifestations were: cough and fever; the predominant comorbidities were cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. The variables “ICU stay”, “use of ventilatory support” and “heart disease” were associated with the occurrence of deaths. Conclusions: hospitalization was necessary for most pregnant women with SARS and the presence of previous heart disease increased the risk of death. Knowing the SARS morbidity and mortality profile is important in the definition of public health strategies aimed at reducing the impacts of COVID-19 during pregnancy and the puerperium.

scholarly journals Waterpipe (hookah) tobacco use in pregnancy: use, preferences and perceptions of flavours

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s62-s71
Author(s):  
Laura Stroud ◽  
Erika Werner ◽  
Kristen Matteson ◽  
Michael Carey ◽  
Gideon St Helen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Exposure Biomarkers ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Carcinogen Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Pregnancy

ObjectiveWaterpipe tobacco (WPT; hookah) use is common in pregnant and reproductive-age women. Sweet flavours contribute to the appeal of WPT and are a potential regulatory target. This study investigated use, preferences and perceptions of WPT flavours in pregnant WPT users, and the impact of flavour preferences on preconception/prenatal WPT use and exposure biomarkers.Methods58 pregnant WPT users (mean age=27 years) completed a detailed interview regarding their WPT flavours use, preferences and perceptions. Biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure (eg, cotinine, benzene, butadiene) were also collected.Results55% of participants were dual/poly WPT users (ie, reported use of one or more other tobacco products in addition to WPT). Pregnant WPT users reported nearly exclusive use of flavoured WPT, with greater use of menthol/mint (68%) followed by fruit flavours (48%) (p<0.001), and greater preferences for fruit followed by menthol/mint flavours (ps<0.05). Harm perceptions did not differ among flavours. Compared with dual/poly WPT users, WPT-only users reported more total WPT use events, greater use of and preference for menthol/mint flavoured WPT (ps<0.001), and decreased exposure biomarkers (ps≤0.040). Preference for menthol/mint and fruit flavours predicted more flavoured WPT use events during preconception and pregnancy; preference for menthol/mint predicted detectable cotinine and benzene levels but not butadiene.ConclusionsThis is the first study of WPT flavour use, preferences and perceptions in pregnant women. Use of and preference for menthol/mint and fruit WPT flavours in this vulnerable population could be considered in regulating WPT flavours to protect the health of women and children.

scholarly journals Tracking Excess of Maternal Deaths Directly and Indirectly Associated With COVID-19 in Brazil: A Nationwide Database Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Mendonça Guimarães ◽  
Lenice Gnocchi Costa Reis ◽  
Maria Auxiliadora Souza Mendes Gomes ◽  
Cynthia Magluta ◽  
Carlos Machado de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Female Population

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought a new challenge to maternal mortality in Brazil. Throughout 2020, Brazil registered 549 maternal deaths, mainly concentrated in second and third-trimester pregnant women. The objective of this study was to verify the excess of maternal deaths that occurred in Brazil caused directly and indirectly by Covid-19 in the year 2020. In addition, we sought to identify clinical social and health care factors associated with these maternal deaths, when they were directly caused by Covid-19. Methods We performed nationwide analyses, based on data from the Mortality Information System (SIM), for general deaths and maternal deaths, and the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance System (SIVEP-Influenza), for estimates of female and maternal deaths due to COVID-19. The methodological approach adopted two distinct techniques. First, we estimated the excess maternal mortality and the breakdown of the excess between total and COVID-19 deaths. Then, we estimated the odds ratios of occurrence of symptoms, comorbidities, social determination proxies, and hospital care aspects between COVID-19 maternal and childbearing age female deaths. We chose women of childbearing age (15 to 49 years) as a reference because sex and age introduce differentials in the risk of COVID-19 death. Results Most of maternal deaths occurred during pregnancy in all months of 2020 (µ = 59.8%, SD = 14.3%, range 50%-100%). Even considering the excess mortality due to COVID-19 for the childbearing age female population, maternal mortality was more penalized. Clinical variables suggest that the chances of occurrence of symptoms among maternal deaths were like those observed in the deaths of women of childbearing age. On the other hand, the odds of being a black woman, living in a rural area and being hospitalized out of the residence municipality among maternal deaths were 44%, 61%, and 28% higher than control group. Odds of hospitalization, ICU admission, and invasive ventilatory support use among maternal deaths were, respectively, 4.37, 1.73, and 1.64 times as control group. Conclusions Differences between the two groups of deaths are significantly associated with social determination and (in)adequate obstetric care. Year 2021 has been more severe for maternal mortality. We need to increase immunization and monitoring among pregnant women immediately.

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