scholarly journals Genome size drives morphological evolution in organ-specific ways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W Itgen ◽  
Dustin S Siegel ◽  
Stanley K Sessions ◽  
Rachel Lockridge Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Organ Specific

Morphogenesis is an emergent property of biochemical and cellular interactions during development. Genome size and the correlated trait of cell size can influence these interactions through its effects on developmental rate and tissue geometry, ultimately driving the evolution of morphology. We tested the effects of genome size and body size evolution on heart and liver morphology using nine species of the salamander genus Plethodon (genome sizes 29.3-67 Gb). Our results show that whole organ size is determined by body size, whereas tissue structure changes dramatically with evolutionary increases in genome size. In the heart, increased genome size is correlated with a reduction of myocardia in the ventricle, yielding proportionally less force-producing mass and more empty space. In the liver, increased genome size is correlated with fewer and larger vascular structures, positioning hepatocytes farther from the circulatory vessels that transport key metabolites. Although these structural changes should have obvious impacts on organ function, their effects on organismal performance and fitness are likely negligible because low metabolic rates in salamanders relax selective pressure on key metabolic organ performance. Overall, this study reveals the effects of large genome and cell size on the developmental systems producing the heart and liver.

scholarly journals Larger Daphnia at lower temperature: a role for cell size and genome configuration?

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 511-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Jalal ◽  
Marcin W. Wojewodzic ◽  
Carl Morten M. Laane ◽  
Dag O. Hessen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Size Estimates

Experiments with Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex raised at 10 and 20 °C yielded larger adult size at the lower temperature. This must reflect increased cell size, increased cell numbers, or a combination of both. As it is difficult to achieve good estimates on cell size in crustaceans, we, therefore, measured nucleus and genome size using flow cytometry at 10 and 20 °C. DNA was stained with propidium iodide, ethidium bromide, and DAPI. Both nucleus and genome size estimates were elevated at 10 °C compared with 20 °C, suggesting that larger body size at low temperature could partly be accredited to an enlarged nucleus and thus cell size. Confocal microscopy observations confirmed the staining properties of fluorochromes. As differences in nucleotide numbers in response of growth temperature within a life span is unlikely, these results seem accredited to changed DNA–fluorochrome binding properties, presumably reflecting increased DNA condensation at low temperature. This implies that genome size comparisons may be impacted by ambient temperature in ectotherms. It also suggests that temperature-induced structural changes in the genome could affect cell size and for some species even body size.

Genome size and developmental parameters in the homeothermic vertebrates

Genome ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ryan Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Genome Size Evolution ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Developmental Parameters ◽  
C Value ◽  
Organismal Complexity

Although unrelated to any intuitive notions of organismal complexity, haploid genome sizes (C values) are correlated with a variety of cellular and organismal parameters in different taxa. In some cases, these relationships are universal — notably, genome size correlates positively with cell size in each of the vertebrate classes. Other relationships are apparently relevant only in particular groups. For example, although genome size is inversely correlated with metabolic rate in both mammals and birds, no such relationship is found in amphibians. More recently, it has been suggested that developmental rate and (or) longevity are related to genome size in birds. In the present study, a large dataset was used to examine possible relationships between genome size and various developmental parameters in both birds and mammals. In neither group does development appear to be of relevance to genome size evolution (except perhaps indirectly in birds through the intermediation of body size and (or) within the rodents), a situation very different from that found in amphibians. These findings make it clear that genome size evolution cannot be understood without reference to the particular biology of the organisms under study.Key words: body size, C-value enigma, C-value paradox, fledging, gestation, growth, incubation, lactation, metabolism.

scholarly journals Genome Size Covaries More Positively with Propagule Size than Adult Size: New Insights into an Old Problem

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Glazier
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Adult Size

The body size and (or) complexity of organisms is not uniformly related to the amount of genetic material (DNA) contained in each of their cell nuclei (‘genome size’). This surprising mismatch between the physical structure of organisms and their underlying genetic information appears to relate to variable accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, but why this variation has evolved is little understood. Here, I show that genome size correlates more positively with egg size than adult size in crustaceans. I explain this and comparable patterns observed in other kinds of animals and plants as resulting from genome size relating strongly to cell size in most organisms, which should also apply to single-celled eggs and other reproductive propagules with relatively few cells that are pivotal first steps in their lives. However, since body size results from growth in cell size or number or both, it relates to genome size in diverse ways. Relationships between genome size and body size should be especially weak in large organisms whose size relates more to cell multiplication than to cell enlargement, as is generally observed. The ubiquitous single-cell ‘bottleneck’ of life cycles may affect both genome size and composition, and via both informational (genotypic) and non-informational (nucleotypic) effects, many other properties of multicellular organisms (e.g., rates of growth and metabolism) that have both theoretical and practical significance.

Structural and thermal properties of the amaranth starch granule obtained by high-impact wet milling

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fernando Roa Acosta ◽  
José Fernando Solanilla Duque ◽  
Lina Marcela Agudelo Laverde ◽  
Héctor Samuel Villada Castillo ◽  
Marcela Patricia Tolaba
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Starch Structure ◽  
Structure Changes

AbstractIn this study, amaranth starch was extracted by high-impact wet milling and its structural and thermal properties and the effect of NaOH and SDS concentrations on extraction yield were evaluated. The best condition was 55 g of starch/100 g of amaranth, with a decrease from 2.5 to 3.5 kJ/g using different milling energies. The decrease in the protein content of the starch granule is due to an effect of the interaction between surfactant and alkali, preventing the destruction of granules. All starches presented a degree of crystallinity between 21 and 28%. The internal structural changes of the starch granule were monitored by attenuated total reflectance - Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) in the region of 990 to 1060 cm−1. Spectra showed significant differences between the peaks at 1032 and 1005 cm−1, corresponding to the crystalline/amorphous region of the starch structure. Changes in viscosity profiles were observed between 0.302 and 1.163 Pa s.

scholarly journals Maize centromeric chromatin scales with changes in genome size

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Wang ◽  
Jianing Liu ◽  
William A Ricci ◽  
Jonathan I Gent ◽  
R Kelly Dawe
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Satellite Sequence ◽  
Centromeric Chromatin ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Centromeric Satellite

Abstract Centromeres are defined by the location of Centromeric Histone H3 (CENP-A/CENH3) which interacts with DNA to define the locations and sizes of functional centromeres. An analysis of 26 maize genomes including 110 fully assembled centromeric regions revealed positive relationships between centromere size and genome size. These effects are independent of variation in the amounts of the major centromeric satellite sequence CentC. We also backcrossed known centromeres into two different lines with larger genomes and observed consistent increases in functional centromere sizes for multiple centromeres. Although changes in centromere size involve changes in bound CENH3, we could not mimic the effect by overexpressing CENH3 by threefold. Literature from other fields demonstrate that changes in genome size affect protein levels, organelle size and cell size. Our data demonstrate that centromere size is among these scalable features, and that multiple limiting factors together contribute to a stable centromere size equilibrium.

First estimates of genome size in ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) using flow cytometry and Feulgen image analysis densitometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 847-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Mulligan ◽  
Terra C. Hiebert ◽  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
T. Ryan Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Nuclear Dna Content ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
Size Estimates

Ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) are among several animal groups that have been overlooked in past studies of genome-size diversity. Here, we report genome-size estimates for eight species of nemerteans, including representatives of the major lineages in the phylum. Genome sizes in these species ranged more than fivefold, and there was some indication of a positive relationship with body size. Somatic endopolyploidy also appears to be common in these animals. Importantly, this study demonstrates that both of the most common methods of genome-size estimation (flow cytometry and Feulgen image analysis densitometry) can be used to assess genome size in ribbon worms, thereby facilitating additional efforts to investigate patterns of variability in nuclear DNA content in this phylum.

scholarly journals Struktur Hasil Translokasi Bangunan Vernakular Jawa Timur di Kampoeng Djawi Wonosalam

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Yohanes Vincent Mahendar Bagaskara ◽  
◽  
Yusfan Adeputera Yusran ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Vernacular Building ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Vernacular Buildings ◽  
Descriptive Method

Vernacular buildings in Indonesia, especially vernacular buildings of East Java, are increasingly diminishing. Many efforts have been made to maintain the existence of vernacular buildings, one of which is ex-situ conservation by re-using it adaptively as a tourist destination as found in Kampoeng Djawi Wonosalam. Translocation of vernacular buildings to new locations and new function causes changes in vernacular buildings, particularly in its structure. Changes occur as an adaption to new locations and new activities that will be accommodated. The objective of this paper is to describe the structural changes in vernacular buildings as the result of translocation. Qualitative descriptive method is used to find the structural changes, so the results obtained are actual facts. Changes that occur then analyzed with the concept of adaptive exoskeleton building. According to the results of observations and analysis, changes that occur in vernacular building translocation are caused by resilience, safety, and visual factors, as well as fulfillment of new activities.

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